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A. अच्छी मात्रा और गुणवत्ता वाला डीएनए पाने के लिए/To obtain good quantity and quality DNA
Step 1
Concept
The right sample affects DNA yield and purity. In exams link sample quality with the first step.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. अच्छी मात्रा और गुणवत्ता वाला डीएनए पाने के लिए / To obtain good quantity and quality DNA. The right sample affects DNA yield and purity. In exams link sample quality with the first step.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सही नमूना डीएनए yield और purity को प्रभावित करता है। परीक्षा में sample quality को first step से जोड़ें।
B. डीएनए degradation को कम करना/To reduce DNA degradation
Step 1
Concept
Preservation can reduce nuclease activity and microbial growth. This keeps DNA intact.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. डीएनए degradation को कम करना / To reduce DNA degradation. Preservation can reduce nuclease activity and microbial growth. This keeps DNA intact.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Preservation से nucleases की activity और microbial growth कम हो सकती है। इससे डीएनए intact रहता है।
C. इससे बेहतर intact DNA मिल सकता है/It can provide better intact DNA
Step 1
Concept
Fresh tissue may have less DNA degradation. Proper storage also protects quality.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. इससे बेहतर intact DNA मिल सकता है / It can provide better intact DNA. Fresh tissue may have less DNA degradation. Proper storage also protects quality.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ताजा ऊतक में DNA degradation कम हो सकती है। सही storage भी गुणवत्ता बचाता है।
D. डीएनए टूट सकता है और yield घट सकती है/DNA can break and yield can decrease
Step 1
Concept
Poor storage can increase DNA degradation and contamination. Therefore sample handling is very important.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. डीएनए टूट सकता है और yield घट सकती है / DNA can break and yield can decrease. Poor storage can increase DNA degradation and contamination. Therefore sample handling is very important.
Step 3
Exam Tip
खराब storage से DNA degradation और contamination बढ़ सकती है। इसलिए sample handling बहुत important है।
A. ऊतक को समान रूप से तोड़ना/Breaking tissue uniformly
Step 1
Concept
Homogenization breaks tissue into smaller parts. This helps lysis buffer work better.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ऊतक को समान रूप से तोड़ना / Breaking tissue uniformly. Homogenization breaks tissue into smaller parts. This helps lysis buffer work better.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Homogenization ऊतक को छोटे भागों में तोड़ता है। इससे lysis buffer बेहतर काम करता है।
B. ऊतक को brittle बनाकर degradation कम करना/Making tissue brittle and reducing degradation
Step 1
Concept
Liquid nitrogen quickly freezes tissue. This makes grinding easier and can reduce nuclease activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. ऊतक को brittle बनाकर degradation कम करना / Making tissue brittle and reducing degradation. Liquid nitrogen quickly freezes tissue. This makes grinding easier and can reduce nuclease activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Liquid nitrogen ऊतक को जल्दी freeze कर देता है। इससे grinding आसान और nuclease activity कम हो सकती है।
C. कोशिकाओं को खोलकर डीएनए मुक्त करना/Opening cells and releasing DNA
Step 1
Concept
Lysis buffer helps break cell membrane and sometimes nuclear membrane. This releases DNA.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. कोशिकाओं को खोलकर डीएनए मुक्त करना / Opening cells and releasing DNA. Lysis buffer helps break cell membrane and sometimes nuclear membrane. This releases DNA.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Lysis buffer cell membrane और कभी nuclear membrane को तोड़ने में मदद करता है। इससे DNA बाहर आता है।
In eukaryotic cells nuclear DNA remains in the nucleus. When the nuclear membrane breaks DNA enters the solution.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. नाभिकीय झिल्ली / Nuclear membrane. In eukaryotic cells nuclear DNA remains in the nucleus. When the nuclear membrane breaks DNA enters the solution.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Eukaryotic cells में nuclear DNA nucleus में रहता है। Nuclear membrane टूटने पर DNA solution में आता है।
D. क्योंकि fungal wall में chitin हो सकता है/Because fungal wall may contain chitin
Step 1
Concept
Fungal cell wall may contain chitin. Chitinase helps in wall disruption.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. क्योंकि fungal wall में chitin हो सकता है / Because fungal wall may contain chitin. Fungal cell wall may contain chitin. Chitinase helps in wall disruption.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Fungal cell wall में chitin हो सकता है। Chitinase wall disruption में मदद करता है।
A. प्रोटीन और nucleases को degrade करके/By degrading proteins and nucleases
Step 1
Concept
Proteinase K helps reduce protein contamination and nuclease activity. This improves DNA purity and protection.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. प्रोटीन और nucleases को degrade करके / By degrading proteins and nucleases. Proteinase K helps reduce protein contamination and nuclease activity. This improves DNA purity and protection.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Proteinase K protein contamination और nuclease activity कम करने में मदद करता है। इससे DNA purity और protection बेहतर होती है।
C. DNase DNA को degrade कर सकता है/DNase can degrade DNA
Step 1
Concept
DNase can break DNA into smaller fragments. Therefore nuclease-free handling is important.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. DNase DNA को degrade कर सकता है / DNase can degrade DNA. DNase can break DNA into smaller fragments. Therefore nuclease-free handling is important.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNase DNA को छोटे fragments में तोड़ सकता है। इसलिए nuclease-free handling जरूरी है।
D. धातु ions को chelate करके/By chelating metal ions
Step 1
Concept
Many nucleases need ions such as magnesium. EDTA binds them and reduces activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. धातु ions को chelate करके / By chelating metal ions. Many nucleases need ions such as magnesium. EDTA binds them and reduces activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कई nucleases को magnesium जैसे ions चाहिए होते हैं। EDTA इन्हें bind कर activity घटाता है।
In TE buffer Tris maintains pH and EDTA gives protection from nucleases. Link it with storage buffer.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. Tris और EDTA / Tris and EDTA. In TE buffer Tris maintains pH and EDTA gives protection from nucleases. Link it with storage buffer.
Step 3
Exam Tip
TE buffer में Tris pH maintain करता है और EDTA nucleases से protection देता है। इसे storage buffer से जोड़ें।
C. DNA charges को shield करना/To shield DNA charges
Step 1
Concept
Salt shields negative charges of DNA. This helps DNA precipitate in alcohol.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. DNA charges को shield करना / To shield DNA charges. Salt shields negative charges of DNA. This helps DNA precipitate in alcohol.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Salt DNA के negative charges को shield करता है। इससे alcohol में DNA precipitate होने में मदद मिलती है।
Sodium acetate provides ions and helps DNA precipitation. With alcohol DNA recovery can improve.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. ion support for precipitation. Sodium acetate provides ions and helps DNA precipitation. With alcohol DNA recovery can improve.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Sodium acetate ions provide कर DNA precipitation में मदद करता है। Alcohol के साथ DNA recovery बेहतर हो सकती है।
Alcohol reduces DNA solubility. In the presence of salt DNA can precipitate.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA precipitate करने के लिए / To precipitate DNA. Alcohol reduces DNA solubility. In the presence of salt DNA can precipitate.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Alcohol DNA की solubility घटाता है। Salt की उपस्थिति में DNA precipitate हो सकता है।
B. DNA solubility और घटाने के लिए/To further reduce DNA solubility
Step 1
Concept
Cold alcohol can improve DNA precipitation. This can increase DNA recovery.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. DNA solubility और घटाने के लिए / To further reduce DNA solubility. Cold alcohol can improve DNA precipitation. This can increase DNA recovery.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cold alcohol DNA precipitation को बेहतर कर सकता है। इससे DNA recovery बढ़ सकती है।
C. salts और impurities हटाने के लिए/To remove salts and impurities
Step 1
Concept
A 70 percent ethanol wash removes salts and small impurities. The pellet is then dried properly.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. salts और impurities हटाने के लिए / To remove salts and impurities. A 70 percent ethanol wash removes salts and small impurities. The pellet is then dried properly.
Step 3
Exam Tip
70 percent ethanol wash salts और छोटी impurities हटाता है। इसके बाद pellet को सही तरह dry किया जाता है।
D. यह PCR और enzyme reactions को inhibit कर सकता है/It can inhibit PCR and enzyme reactions
Step 1
Concept
Remaining ethanol can inhibit downstream reactions. Therefore dry the pellet without over-drying.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. यह PCR और enzyme reactions को inhibit कर सकता है / It can inhibit PCR and enzyme reactions. Remaining ethanol can inhibit downstream reactions. Therefore dry the pellet without over-drying.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Bacha हुआ ethanol downstream reactions को रोक सकता है। इसलिए pellet को over-dry किए बिना dry करें।
A. DNA dissolve करना कठिन हो सकता है/DNA may become difficult to dissolve
Step 1
Concept
An over-dried DNA pellet dissolves slowly in buffer. Proper drying time is important.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA dissolve करना कठिन हो सकता है / DNA may become difficult to dissolve. An over-dried DNA pellet dissolves slowly in buffer. Proper drying time is important.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Over-dried DNA pellet buffer में धीरे घुलता है। उचित drying time जरूरी है।
B. suitable salt conditions में/In suitable salt conditions
Step 1
Concept
In silica columns proper salt condition allows DNA binding. After washing DNA is eluted.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. suitable salt conditions में / In suitable salt conditions. In silica columns proper salt condition allows DNA binding. After washing DNA is eluted.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Silica columns में सही salt condition DNA binding कराती है। Wash के बाद DNA elute किया जाता है।
C. bound DNA से impurities हटाना/Removing impurities from bound DNA
Step 1
Concept
The wash step removes salts and contaminants while DNA remains on the column. This makes eluted DNA clean.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. bound DNA से impurities हटाना / Removing impurities from bound DNA. The wash step removes salts and contaminants while DNA remains on the column. This makes eluted DNA clean.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Wash step DNA को column पर रखते हुए salts और contaminants हटाता है। इससे eluted DNA साफ होता है।
A. DNA concentration बढ़ सकती है/DNA concentration can increase
Step 1
Concept
The same DNA in lower volume can give higher concentration. Too little volume can reduce recovery.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA concentration बढ़ सकती है / DNA concentration can increase. The same DNA in lower volume can give higher concentration. Too little volume can reduce recovery.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कम volume में वही DNA घुलने से concentration बढ़ सकती है। बहुत कम volume recovery घटा सकता है।
B. DNA band और degradation देखने के लिए/To see DNA band and degradation
Step 1
Concept
On gel intact DNA band and degradation smear can be seen. This is an integrity check.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. DNA band और degradation देखने के लिए / To see DNA band and degradation. On gel intact DNA band and degradation smear can be seen. This is an integrity check.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Gel पर intact DNA band और degradation smear देखे जा सकते हैं। यह integrity check है।
D. DNA concentration और purity estimate करने के लिए/To estimate DNA concentration and purity
Step 1
Concept
A spectrophotometer estimates DNA amount and purity using absorbance reading. It is useful in quality control.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. DNA concentration और purity estimate करने के लिए / To estimate DNA concentration and purity. A spectrophotometer estimates DNA amount and purity using absorbance reading. It is useful in quality control.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Spectrophotometer absorbance reading से DNA amount और purity का अनुमान देता है। यह quality control में useful है।
For pure DNA A260 by A280 is considered about 1.8. It is useful for checking protein contamination.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध DNA का संकेत / Indication of pure DNA. For pure DNA A260 by A280 is considered about 1.8. It is useful for checking protein contamination.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Pure DNA के लिए A260 by A280 लगभग 1.8 माना जाता है। यह protein contamination check में useful है।
D. salt phenol या carbohydrate impurities/Salt phenol or carbohydrate impurities
Step 1
Concept
A260 by A230 ratio can indicate impurities like salts phenol and carbohydrates. It is especially useful in plant samples.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. salt phenol या carbohydrate impurities / Salt phenol or carbohydrate impurities. A260 by A230 ratio can indicate impurities like salts phenol and carbohydrates. It is especially useful in plant samples.
Step 3
Exam Tip
A260 by A230 ratio salts phenol और carbohydrates जैसी impurities का संकेत दे सकता है। Plant samples में यह खास useful है।
A. DNA purity और concentration/DNA purity and concentration
Step 1
Concept
Correct DNA amount and purity are needed for PCR template. Contaminants can inhibit amplification.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA purity और concentration / DNA purity and concentration. Correct DNA amount and purity are needed for PCR template. Contaminants can inhibit amplification.
Step 3
Exam Tip
PCR template के लिए सही DNA amount और purity जरूरी हैं। Contaminants amplification रोक सकते हैं।
B. enzyme reactions inhibit हो सकती हैं/Enzyme reactions can be inhibited
Step 1
Concept
Phenol contamination can affect reactions like PCR and restriction digestion. Proper cleanup is necessary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. enzyme reactions inhibit हो सकती हैं / Enzyme reactions can be inhibited. Phenol contamination can affect reactions like PCR and restriction digestion. Proper cleanup is necessary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Phenol contamination PCR और restriction digestion जैसी reactions को प्रभावित कर सकती है। Proper cleanup जरूरी है।
C. downstream enzyme reactions रोक सकता है/It can inhibit downstream enzyme reactions
Step 1
Concept
Excess salt can inhibit PCR and enzyme digestion. Wash step helps remove salt.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. downstream enzyme reactions रोक सकता है / It can inhibit downstream enzyme reactions. Excess salt can inhibit PCR and enzyme digestion. Wash step helps remove salt.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Excess salt PCR और enzyme digestion को inhibit कर सकता है। Wash step salt removal में मदद करता है।
D. DNA degradation से बचने के लिए/To avoid DNA degradation
Step 1
Concept
Nuclease-free water should be free from DNA-cutting enzymes. This makes DNA storage and dilution safer.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. DNA degradation से बचने के लिए / To avoid DNA degradation. Nuclease-free water should be free from DNA-cutting enzymes. This makes DNA storage and dilution safer.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Nuclease-free water DNA-cutting enzymes से मुक्त होना चाहिए। इससे DNA storage और dilution सुरक्षित होते हैं।
A. बार-बार freeze-thaw से बचना/Avoiding repeated freeze-thaw
Step 1
Concept
Aliquots avoid repeated thawing of the same tube. This preserves DNA integrity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. बार-बार freeze-thaw से बचना / Avoiding repeated freeze-thaw. Aliquots avoid repeated thawing of the same tube. This preserves DNA integrity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Aliquots से same tube बार-बार thaw नहीं करनी पड़ती। इससे DNA integrity बचती है।
B. sample mix-up रोकने के लिए/To prevent sample mix-up
Step 1
Concept
A label tracks sample identity and date. This is necessary for reproducibility and correct analysis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. sample mix-up रोकने के लिए / To prevent sample mix-up. A label tracks sample identity and date. This is necessary for reproducibility and correct analysis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Label sample identity और date track करता है। यह reproducibility और correct analysis के लिए जरूरी है।
C. buffer background subtract करने के लिए/To subtract buffer background
Step 1
Concept
The blank is the same buffer or solvent in which DNA is dissolved. This makes reading more accurate.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. buffer background subtract करने के लिए / To subtract buffer background. The blank is the same buffer or solvent in which DNA is dissolved. This makes reading more accurate.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Blank उसी buffer या solvent से लिया जाता है जिसमें DNA घुला है। इससे reading अधिक accurate होती है।
D. reagent contamination check करने के लिए/To check reagent contamination
Step 1
Concept
A negative extraction control has no sample. If DNA signal appears contamination may be present.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. reagent contamination check करने के लिए / To check reagent contamination. A negative extraction control has no sample. If DNA signal appears contamination may be present.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Negative extraction control में sample नहीं होता। DNA signal आए तो contamination हो सकती है।
A. method काम कर रही है या नहीं देखना/To see whether the method is working
Step 1
Concept
A known sample should give DNA. This verifies the protocol and reagents.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. method काम कर रही है या नहीं देखना / To see whether the method is working. A known sample should give DNA. This verifies the protocol and reagents.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Known sample से DNA मिलना चाहिए। इससे protocol और reagents verify होते हैं।
C. sample और worker safety बनाए रखना/Maintaining sample and worker safety
Step 1
Concept
PPE reduces contamination and exposure risk. Gloves lab coat and eye protection can be useful.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. sample और worker safety बनाए रखना / Maintaining sample and worker safety. PPE reduces contamination and exposure risk. Gloves lab coat and eye protection can be useful.
Step 3
Exam Tip
PPE contamination और exposure risk घटाता है। Gloves lab coat और eye protection उपयोगी हो सकते हैं।
D. approved chemical waste route से/Through approved chemical waste route
Step 1
Concept
Phenol is a hazardous chemical. It should be disposed through chemical waste route according to safety rules.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. approved chemical waste route से / Through approved chemical waste route. Phenol is a hazardous chemical. It should be disposed through chemical waste route according to safety rules.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Phenol hazardous chemical है। इसे safety rules के अनुसार chemical waste route से dispose करना चाहिए।
DNA isolation is a stepwise process. Each step affects yield purity and integrity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. sample lysis cleanup precipitation quality check याद रखें / Remember sample lysis cleanup precipitation quality check. DNA isolation is a stepwise process. Each step affects yield purity and integrity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA isolation stepwise process है। हर step yield purity और integrity को प्रभावित करता है।
A. cell से DNA निकालना और impurities हटाना/Extracting DNA from cells and removing impurities
Step 1
Concept
DNA isolation is a basic step of recombinant DNA technology. Clean DNA is useful in PCR cloning and analysis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. cell से DNA निकालना और impurities हटाना / Extracting DNA from cells and removing impurities. DNA isolation is a basic step of recombinant DNA technology. Clean DNA is useful in PCR cloning and analysis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA isolation recombinant DNA technology की basic step है। Clean DNA आगे PCR cloning और analysis में काम आता है।
