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In Class 11 Political Science, this topic from Part 2: Political Theory explores the meaning and importance of justice in public life. Students examine equality, fair treatment, recognition of different needs, and the just distribution of rights, opportunities, and resources. They consider how societies can balance individual freedom with social responsibilities, understand the idea of a just society, and apply these concepts to issues of discrimination, poverty, and unequal access.
Practice questions
01 If position and respect in society are decided by birth, what will justice object to?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Birth-based privilege
Explanation: Step 1: Birth is not a personal achievement. Step 2: Birth-based advantage weakens equal opportunity and dignity. Step 3: Treat birth privilege as a sign against justice.
02 If needy people are identified without evidence and clear criteria in a policy, what is the risk?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Arbitrariness and bias may increase
Explanation: Step 1: Identifying the needy is an important part of a just policy. Step 2: Selection without evidence and criteria can become arbitrary. Step 3: In special support, check criteria and transparency.
03 If exam rules are changed after the result, which condition of justice is violated?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Prior clarity and fair competition
Explanation: Step 1: In competition, rules should be clear in advance. Step 2: Changing rules after results breaks trust and fairness. Step 3: In competition questions, check the timing of rules.
04 If a child leaves school due to economic compulsion, why cannot it be called only a private decision from the perspective of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because economic structure affects real educational opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Private decisions are often shaped by social pressures. Step 2: Poverty can limit real educational opportunity. Step 3: In social justice, look at structure behind personal events.
05 If everyone receives the same food but some need different food for health reasons, what would justice say?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Proper arrangement should be made according to special need
Explanation: Step 1: Equality does not always mean giving the same thing. Step 2: Different arrangement for health reasons is need-based justice. Step 3: Distinguish special need from favouritism.
06 If people who complain about injustice are intimidated, which arrangement of justice is weak?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Safe complaint and hearing
Explanation: Step 1: Complaint is a way to bring injustice forward. Step 2: Intimidation stops people from speaking and may hide injustice. Step 3: Connect complaint systems with safety and accountability.
07 If a decision follows proper procedure but repeatedly harms weaker groups, what should be examined at expert level?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Real outcomes and structural effects along with procedure
Explanation: Step 1: Proper procedure is an important part of justice. Step 2: But repeated harm to weaker groups requires examination of deeper impact. Step 3: In expert answers, write procedure, outcome, and structure together.
08 In which situation does the limitation of need-based distribution appear?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When contribution and responsibility are completely ignored
Explanation: Step 1: Need is a strong basis of justice. Step 2: But using only need everywhere may ignore contribution and responsibility. Step 3: In expert questions, identify limits of each basis too.
09 If a scheme has a public beneficiary list and a chance to appeal, which aspect of justice becomes stronger?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Transparency and possibility of correction
Explanation: Step 1: A public list makes selection examinable. Step 2: Appeal gives a chance to correct mistakes. Step 3: In policy, understand transparency and review together.
10 If a group gets work but faces humiliating behaviour everywhere, what deficiency of social justice exists?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Lack of dignity and respect
Explanation: Step 1: Social justice is not limited to employment. Step 2: Respectful treatment is necessary for dignity. Step 3: In social justice, check both opportunity and respect.
11 If a public service is made only online and many citizens lack resources, which justice issue arises?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Inequality of digital access
Explanation: Step 1: A service is useful only when people can use it. Step 2: Lack of devices and internet can exclude citizens. Step 3: In modern justice questions, check digital access.
12 If people in an area cannot reach a hospital due to distance, which justice concern appears?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Geographical access and health justice
Explanation: Step 1: It is not enough that healthcare exists. Step 2: Distance and lack of transport can keep people away from treatment. Step 3: In health justice, check need and access.
13 If a policy is made in the name of the weak but most benefits reach influential people, what should be examined?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Real beneficiaries and implementation process
Explanation: Step 1: The name of a policy is not enough proof. Step 2: It is necessary to see who actually received the benefit. Step 3: In policy analysis, check beneficiaries and implementation.
14 In which situation does balance between justice and liberty become necessary?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. When someone's liberty harms another's right
Explanation: Step 1: Liberty is important but cannot be unlimited. Step 2: If liberty harms others' rights, justice demands limits. Step 3: Link liberty with responsibility and rights.
15 If an institution has no chance of appeal, what weakness of justice may exist?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Absence of a system to correct errors
Explanation: Step 1: Decisions may contain mistakes. Step 2: Appeal gives a chance to review and correct wrong decisions. Step 3: In justice, consider review and correction important.
16 If a group has equality in law but humiliation continues in society, why is justice incomplete?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because dignity and social respect are also parts of justice
Explanation: Step 1: Legal equality is important. Step 2: But social humiliation weakens dignity and participation. Step 3: In justice, check social respect along with law.
17 If a decision is based on rumour instead of facts, what is the most direct problem of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Lack of evidence-based fair decision
Explanation: Step 1: Justice cannot rest on guess or rumour. Step 2: Facts and evidence make decisions examinable. Step 3: In accusation and punishment questions, always check evidence.
18 If a policy gives equal benefit to all but does not improve the condition of the least advantaged, what would be the Rawlsian question?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Whether the policy truly improves the weakest group's condition
Explanation: Step 1: A Rawlsian view focuses on the least advantaged. Step 2: Equal benefit is not enough if their real condition does not improve. Step 3: In Rawls, treat the condition of the weakest group as the main clue.
19 In which situation can special assistance be called just?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. When support is based on clear evidence and real disadvantage
Explanation: Step 1: Special assistance is not favouritism if its basis is clear. Step 2: Real disadvantage and evidence can make it just. Step 3: Check reasons and criteria behind support.
20 If a society has deep inequality but claims everyone is equal before law, what should be asked at expert level?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Whether legal equality is turning into real opportunity and dignity
Explanation: Step 1: Equality before law is an important basis of justice. Step 2: But in deep inequality, real opportunity and dignity must also be examined. Step 3: In expert answers, write legal and social aspects together.
21 If a committee has no representative from the affected community, what deficiency of justice may exist?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Ignoring affected experiences
Explanation: Step 1: The affected community can explain its real difficulty better. Step 2: Without representation, decisions may become incomplete or one-sided. Step 3: Link participation with social justice.
22 If an institution does not make its rules public, what justice concern arises first?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Question of transparency and arbitrariness
Explanation: Step 1: If rules are not public, people cannot understand the basis of decisions. Step 2: This increases the risk of arbitrariness and bias. Step 3: Clear rules and transparency are important in justice.
23 If a person's poverty keeps them away from proper treatment, which broader question of justice arises?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Equal real access to healthcare
Explanation: Step 1: Health is linked with a dignified life. Step 2: Lack of treatment due to poverty is a social justice issue. Step 3: In health questions, check both need and access.
24 At expert level, a balanced analysis of justice is formed by examining which elements together?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Equality, need, merit, rights, procedure, and outcome
Explanation: Step 1: Justice is a many-sided idea. Step 2: Different bases may matter more in different situations. Step 3: In expert answers, connect context, procedure, and outcome.
25 If rules are correct but implementing officials act with bias, at which level does justice fail?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. At the level of fairness in implementation
Explanation: Step 1: Correct rules are the beginning of justice. Step 2: Biased implementation breaks actual justice. Step 3: In policy questions, check both rules and implementation.
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