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How many distinct arrangements are possible using the letters of INDEPENDENCE?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: 1663200

The repeated-letter permutation formula is n!/(p!q!r!...) because rearrangements of identical letters do not produce new words. INDEPENDENCE has 12 letters: E occurs 4 times, N occurs 3 times, D occurs 2 times, and I, P, C occur once each. Thus the number of distinct arrangements is 12!/(4! × 3! × 2!). Compute 12! = 479,001,600 and 4! × 3! × 2! = 24 × 6 × 2 = 288. Therefore 479,001,600/288 = 1,663,200. Option A is correct. Ignoring any repeated group would produce an overcount, while dividing by an extra factor would undercount the valid arrangements.

Related tags

PermutationsRepeated LettersLarge Factorial CalculationPermutations And CombinationsMathematicsClass 11 Mcq

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