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Four different letters are to be placed into five different envelopes. Each letter may go into any envelope, and envelopes may remain empty. How many arrangements are possible?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: 5⁴ = 625

The governing concept is the multiplication principle for independent assignments. Consider the letters one at a time. The first distinct letter can be placed in any of 5 envelopes. The second also has 5 choices, because an envelope may already contain another letter and empty envelopes are allowed. The third and fourth letters likewise have 5 choices each. Therefore the total number of assignments is 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 5⁴ = 625. Option A is correct. Option B reverses the roles of letters and envelopes and counts the wrong objects. Option C incorrectly treats the choices as decreasing, which would apply only if repetition or shared envelopes were forbidden. Option D adds choices instead of multiplying them.

Related tags

Fundamental Principle Of CountingIndependent ChoicesLetter DistributionPermutations And CombinationsMathematicsClass 11 Mcq

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