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A library card has 4 positions. Each position contains one of A, B, C, D, E. If A must appear at least once and E must not appear, how many cards are possible?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: 175

Since E is prohibited, each of the four positions can use only A, B, C, or D, giving 4⁴ = 256 unrestricted cards. From these, subtract cards in which A never appears. If A is absent as well, every position has only B, C, or D, so there are 3⁴ = 81 such cards. By complementary counting, the required number is 4⁴ − 3⁴ = 256 − 81 = 175. Thus option A is correct. Option B counts all cards after excluding E but fails to enforce the requirement that A must occur; option C is only the excluded complement, and option D is an arithmetic or counting distractor.

Related tags

Complementary CountingFundamental Principle Of CountingArrangementsFundamental Principle Of CountingPermutations And CombinationsMathematicsClass 11 Mcq

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