Important Historical Events

Westphalia strengthened the idea of sovereign state system. For exams connect it with the background of modern international politics.

The fall of Constantinople affected trade routes and power balance. For exams connect it with 1453.

The Renaissance promoted humanism and rational thinking. For exams connect it with the beginning of modern European ideas.

The printing press carried knowledge to more people. For exams connect it with Reformation and education.

The Reformation changed relations between religious authority and state power. For exams connect Martin Luther with European change.

The Glorious Revolution strengthened parliamentary supremacy. For exams connect it with constitutional monarchy.

American colonies opposed taxation without representation. For exams connect it with the Declaration of Independence.

The French Revolution strengthened civic equality and popular sovereignty. For exams connect it with liberty equality fraternity.

The Haitian Revolution is a unique example of slave revolt and independence. For exams connect it with Caribbean and anti slavery.

Waterloo ended the Napoleonic era and Vienna shaped a new order. For exams remember both war and diplomacy.

The Industrial Revolution changed production and labour relations. For exams remember working class and urbanization.

The Opium Wars imposed western pressure and unequal treaties on China. For exams remember the Treaty of Nanking.

Meiji reforms made Japan modern and militarily strong. For exams study both achievement and consequence.

The Berlin Conference directed colonial partition of African territories. For exams connect it with the Scramble for Africa.

Nationalism increased tension and alliances spread the war. For exams identify long term causes separately.

The Treaty of Versailles did not stabilize post war peace. For exams connect it with the background of World War II.

Dual power created political uncertainty. For exams understand the sequence of February and October revolutions.

The Great Depression encouraged both state intervention and extremist ideologies. For exams remember New Deal and fascism contexts.

The Munich Agreement failed to stop Hitler's aggression. For exams connect it with the background of World War II.

Pearl Harbor brought the USA decisively into the Pacific War. For exams connect it with 1941.