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A village's average income rises after a skills centre opens. What information is conceptually needed to establish the centre's causal effect?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: An estimate of what the same village's income would have been without the centre

A causal effect compares the actual outcome with the counterfactual outcome that would have occurred without the intervention. Because both outcomes cannot be observed for the same village under identical conditions, researchers must estimate the counterfactual using a credible method.

Related tags

Counterfactual ReasoningCausal EffectSkills DevelopmentResearch Methodology

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