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Subjects

Class 9 Social Science

Class IX Social Science for 2026–27 is an integrated course spanning History, Geography, Political Science and Economics. Its units explore Earth systems, human societies and civilisations, democracy and authority, markets, entrepreneurship and personal finance, linking disciplinary concepts with India’s contexts and global connections.

1

Understanding Social Science

Introduces the meaning, scope and relevance of Social Science through its disciplinary perspectives. Students consider how Geography, History, Political Science and Economics connect to society, environment, economy and governance.

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2

Shaping of the Earth’s Surface

Explores the forces and processes that shape Earth’s surface, from plate movement and internal structure to weathering, erosion and landform development. It also introduces selected natural hazards and their mitigation.

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3

Atmosphere and Climate

Studies atmospheric structure and composition, weather and climate, and the Indian seasons and monsoons. Learners also consider climate change, floods and carbon footprints, using observations and representations of climatic data.

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4

Early Humans and Beginning of Civilisation

Traces human life and cultural development from two million years ago through archaeological periods, stone-tool use, farming and domestication. It also introduces the Harappan, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Chinese civilisations and early urban life.

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5

State and Society (upto 1000 CE)

Explores Vedic society and polity, early empires and the institutions that shaped Indian society. The unit also considers knowledge traditions, education, cultural practices, trade routes, guilds, crafts and industries.

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6

Democracy

Introduces the meaning, features and types of democracy, its roots in India, and challenges to Indian democracy. Learners compare parliamentary and presidential systems and identify examples from countries around the world.

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7

Elections

Examines why elections matter in a democracy and how electoral systems and institutions organise them in India. Topics include delimitation, election administration, constituencies, electoral rolls, political parties and coalition government.

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8

Building Blocks in Economics

Introduces scarcity, choice and opportunity cost as foundations of economic decision-making. Students consider what economists study, the central economic problems, different economic systems and the purpose of a welfare economy and social safety nets.

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9

The Price Puzzle: What Drives the Market

Explores demand and supply, how prices influence quantities and how changing market conditions affect equilibrium. The unit also considers price ceilings and selected market failures, including externalities, information asymmetry and public goods.

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10

Oceans and Life

Studies ocean relief and the movement of ocean water, then connects marine resources with livelihoods, ecosystems and climate. The unit also addresses cyclones, tsunamis, early warning, navigation rules and international cooperation.

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11

Life on Earth

Explores world biomes, their climates and characteristic life, as well as India’s biosphere reserves. Students examine forest communities and livelihoods, ecotourism, conservation, government support and forest-fire mitigation.

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12

Resistance and Resilience (1000 CE – 1700 CE)

Studies how regional kingdoms and communities protected sovereignty, formed alliances and adapted to changing conditions between 1000 and 1700 CE. It also explores cultural contributions through art, architecture, languages, literature, Bhakti traditions and fortifications.

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13

India and the World-I (1900 BCE-1200 CE)

Explores India’s trade and cultural connections with early civilisations, including Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, China and Southeast Asia. It also considers India’s influence abroad and contributions in knowledge fields including medicine, mathematics and astronomy.

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14

Authority

Examines Indian political thought on authority, including Kautilya and Shukraniti, and the relationship between Danda and Nyaya. Students trace authority structures, consider justice and security, and explore citizens’ roles and types of authority.

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15

From Ideas to Startups

Introduces entrepreneurship, the resources needed to start a business and examples of successful entrepreneurs. The unit considers India’s startup ecosystem, MSMEs, the unorganised sector, business planning, profit and loss, and basic accounting.

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16

Smart Ways to Manage Your Finances

Introduces personal financial management through income, spending, saving and investment. Students consider inflation, interest, budgeting, investment choices, risk and insurance, and the purpose of personal income tax.

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