Recording and analysing data

Correct answer: D. Record it and repeat the investigation

Deleting or changing an unusual result is against scientific practice. It should be recorded and the experiment or measurement should be repeated to determine whether it arose from an error, chance, or an important new finding. Simply ignoring it is also not appropriate. Exam tip: Record unusual data first, then repeat the investigation or measurement.

Correct answer: B. By recording all results according to the same predetermined rule

To reduce bias, every observation or result should be recorded using the same rule decided in advance. This reduces selective recording and makes the conclusion more objective. Recording only expected results increases bias. Exam tip: In unbiased observation, record all relevant data, whether or not they support the hypothesis.

Correct answer: D. The context of the observation becomes clear

Recording the location tells us where an event, organism, object, or change was observed. This helps relate the observation to the conditions of that place, so the context becomes clear. Recording a location does not make the answer known in advance or remove the need for measurement and instruments. Exam tip: A good scientific observation includes the place, time, and conditions.

Correct answer: B. Change in seedling shape

A drawing is most useful for recording changes in the shape of a seedling because it can show visible details such as leaves, stem direction, and new structures. Water temperature, liquid volume, and duration of time are recorded more accurately as numbers with suitable units. Exam tip: Use a drawing or labelled diagram when the observation involves a change in shape, colour, or structure.

Correct answer: C. Clear and simple language

Observations should be recorded in clear and simple language so that the observed fact can be understood without confusion. Personal feelings, guesses, and exaggerated expressions should not be included. Difficult technical terms should be used only when they are necessary and accurate. Exam tip: Write observations as brief, factual, and objective statements.