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What double impact did Dutch forest control have on Java villagers?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Forest access decreased and forest labour burden increased

The direct answer is A: forest access decreased and the burden of forest labour increased. Dutch forest control changed forests from shared or customary spaces into regulated state property. Villagers lost or faced restrictions on collecting wood, grazing, and using forest produce. At the same time, colonial authorities demanded labour for forestry work, transport, cutting, or related tasks. A is correct because it states both sides of the impact: reduced rights and increased labour obligations. B is wrong because villagers did not receive all forests freely and labour did not end. C is unrelated and historically impossible in this context. D is wrong because the main described impact was not the complete disappearance of teak; teak production and control were important colonial aims. The key pair is access down, labour burden up. Remember: colonial control often took both resources and labour.

Related tags

Dutch ControlVillagersLabour Burden

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