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The weakening of local forest customs in Java was part of which process?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Bringing community use under state control through law, permits and punishment

In Java, local communities had customary ways of using forests for fuel, fodder, wood, grazing, cultivation, and other needs. Dutch colonial authorities increasingly treated forests as state property and introduced rules to control access. Permits, restrictions, and punishments weakened customary practices and made ordinary village use dependent on official approval. This was part of the wider process of colonial forest control.

Option A describes this process accurately because it connects law, permission, punishment, and state control with the decline of community use. The other choices do not explain the weakening of forest customs: villagers were not being given a free constitution, teak was not turned into food, and Dutch control did not mean withdrawal from forests. Therefore, option A is correct.

Related tags

Local CustomsForest LawsState Control

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