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By which mechanism were village forest rights limited in Java?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Through Dutch laws, permits, supervision and punishment system

Direct answer: Option A is correct. In Java, village forest use was restricted through a connected system of colonial laws, permits, supervision, and punishment. First, Dutch rules defined which forests belonged to the state. Then villagers often needed permission to cut wood, graze animals, collect forest products, or enter particular areas. Officials and guards supervised compliance, while fines or other punishments discouraged violation. Option A includes all the relevant mechanisms. Option B is wrong because sea weather does not make forest laws or determine village rights. Option C is wrong because an independent village constitution would give local communities greater control, whereas colonial centralisation reduced it. Option D is wrong because teak has no will and cannot make legal decisions. Exam cue: when rights are limited, look for law, permit, surveillance, and penalty.

Related tags

Village Forest RightsPermitsPunishment

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