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SubjectsHistory
रूसी क्रांति
In this Class 9 History topic from “Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution,” students learn how inequality, Tsarist autocracy, workers’ hardships and the First World War created unrest in Russia. The topic traces the 1905 Revolution, the February Revolution that ended the monarchy, and the October Revolution led by the Bolsheviks under Lenin. It also explains the ideas of socialism, the formation of a socialist state, and the revolution’s effects on Russia and the wider world.
Correct answer: A. The treaty put the peace policy of leaving the war into practice
Explanation: Brest Litovsk took Russia out of the war. Exam tip: remember both peace policy and territorial losses.
Correct answer: A. Because Russia had to accept major territorial losses for peace
Explanation: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed in 1918, took Russia out of the First World War, fulfilling the Bolsheviks’ urgent promise of peace. However, Germany imposed severe terms, and Russia had to surrender or lose control of extensive territories and populations. Some Bolsheviks opposed the treaty because they believed such concessions betrayed revolutionary aims and weakened Russia. Others accepted it as a necessary temporary compromise to protect the new government. It did not help the Tsar, give Russia control of Europe, or end all peasant unrest. Therefore, option A is correct.
Correct answer: A. State control over key resources
Explanation: Nationalisation created the direction of a socialist state economy. Exam tip: connect it with control over private capital.
Correct answer: B. Priority to Soviet and party control
Explanation: Bolsheviks placed their power structure above the elected assembly. Exam tip: connect it with centralisation of power.
Correct answer: A. Tension between security and political repression
Explanation: Cheka was a secret police created to control opponents. Exam tip: understand it through both security and repression.
Correct answer: A. Because foreign intervention and other opposing groups were also involved
Explanation: The direct answer is A, because foreign intervention and other opposing groups were also involved. After the Bolsheviks took power, the Russian Civil War was not a simple two-person fight. The Red Army supported the Bolshevik government, while several White armies included monarchists, liberals and other anti-Bolshevik forces. Britain, France, Japan and the United States also intervened in different ways, and national or regional forces participated in some areas. B is wrong because organised armies fought in the conflict. C is wrong because it involved armed struggle, not merely an electoral debate. D is wrong because the Bolsheviks led the Red side and actively fought. A is correct because it recognises both domestic and foreign participants. Memory cue: Russian Civil War means Reds, Whites, regional forces and foreign intervention.
Correct answer: A. Because it defended the new power from opposing armies
Explanation: Without the Red Army Bolshevik power could not survive the Civil War. Exam tip: remember Trotsky and Red Army together.
Correct answer: A. Their aims and leadership were not uniform
Explanation: The White armies included monarchists, liberals, landlords, former military officers and other anti-Bolshevik groups. Their political aims and leaders differed, so they struggled to follow a common strategy or present a clear shared programme. Option C is incorrect because some foreign powers, including Britain, France, the United States and Japan, supported the White side. Exam tip: remember the Red Army's relatively stronger organisation and the lack of unity among the Whites during the Russian Civil War.
Correct answer: A. It increased peasant discontent and could reduce support
Explanation: Grain requisition put pressure on rural society. Exam tip: connect the problem of War Communism with peasant opposition.
Correct answer: A. Changing policy practically according to conditions
Explanation: NEP was a practical relaxation after crisis. Exam tip: understand it as a shift from strict policy to controlled market.
Correct answer: A. Because small trade and private enterprises were allowed to a limited extent, while major industries remained under state control
Explanation: Under the New Economic Policy (NEP), peasants could sell surplus produce after paying tax, and small traders and small private enterprises were permitted to operate to a limited extent. However, key sectors such as banks, heavy industry and foreign trade remained under state control. Therefore, it was not complete capitalism but a limited return of market activity within a socialist system. Option B is incorrect because major industries and banks were not privatised. Exam tip: remember NEP as ‘limited private trade + state control over key sectors’.
Correct answer: A. Because it limited political alternatives and opposition
Explanation: One party dominance reduces debate and opposition. Exam tip: write the difference between revolutionary ideals and power practice.
Correct answer: A. Because they were also linked with equality in work education and public life
Explanation: Bolshevik reforms wanted to change women's role in society. Exam tip: understand women's reform as broad social change.
Correct answer: A. To spread new ideology and increase civic participation
Explanation: Literacy was seen as a tool to create new socialist citizens. Exam tip: connect education with state building.
Correct answer: A. It tried to organise world communist movements
Explanation: Comintern aimed at international spread of the Revolution. Exam tip: connect it with global socialist impact.
Correct answer: A. They helped in propaganda of ideas and giving political direction
Explanation: The press carried the Bolshevik message to workers. Exam tip: connect propaganda with political mobilisation.
Correct answer: A. They claimed power directly as councils of workers and soldiers
Explanation: Soviets were a different revolutionary form of representation. Exam tip: understand Soviets as institutions of popular power.
Correct answer: A. Division of power and struggle for legitimacy
Explanation: Both institutions competed for influence. Exam tip: understand it as the problem of dual power.
Correct answer: A. Because dates of February and October Revolutions appear different in the new calendar
Explanation: Russia used the Julian calendar until the government adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918. The Julian calendar was behind the Gregorian calendar by thirteen days during the twentieth century. Consequently, an event recorded as 23 February in the old calendar was 8 March in the new calendar, and 25 October was 7 November. This is why the February and October Revolution names can appear to have dates that do not match modern records. Option A is correct.
The problem was not that Russians failed to count years, that the Tsar renamed every month, or that the Soviets erased dates. Historians must always check which calendar a source uses before comparing dates. The different names therefore reflect calendar conversion, not different events.
Correct answer: A. It tried to change land ownership industrial control and class relations
Explanation: The Revolution changed society and economy along with the state. Exam tip: write political and social changes together.
Correct answer: A. Pressure to quickly recognise peasants' demands
Explanation: Peasants were already acting on land. Exam tip: connect the Land Decree with the background of peasant movement.
Correct answer: A. War land and bread remained unsolved which gave support to Bolsheviks
Explanation: The Provisional Government could not meet urgent public demands. Exam tip: write unsolved problems as background to October.
Correct answer: A. 1905 put pressure on Tsarism and 1917 completed the change of power
Explanation: 1905 prepared the background and Tsarism ended in 1917. Exam tip: study both as connected stages.
Correct answer: A. It did not give real power to people and representative bodies
Explanation: Tsarism was autocratic so people's demands remained suppressed. Exam tip: identify political causes separately from economic causes.
Correct answer: A. Because it revealed public discontent and demand for reform against Tsarism
Explanation: 1905 showed both the strength of protest and the limits of Tsarism. Exam tip: treat it as preparation for 1917.
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