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In this Class 9 History topic, students explore how industrialisation, urban growth, new technologies and changing working conditions transformed European society in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The lesson connects these developments with debates on liberalism, socialism, workers’ rights, women’s roles and social reform, creating the background for the Russian Revolution. Students also examine how ordinary people responded to inequality and how competing ideas of social change shaped modern political life.
Practice questions
01 In the Industrial Revolution, the factory system was linked with which change?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. From hand production to machine-based production
Explanation: The factory system concentrated machines, raw materials and workers in a single workplace. It increased the scale and speed of production and shifted much manufacturing away from dispersed household handwork toward machine-based production. This change also encouraged wage labour, industrial discipline and urban growth. The other options describe no major feature of the Industrial Revolution, so the movement from hand production to machine production is correct.
02 What is considered the immediate event of the First World War?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Explanation: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Austria-Hungary then declared war on Serbia, and alliance commitments widened the conflict into the First World War. Nationalism, militarism, imperial rivalry and competing alliances had already created deep tensions, so the assassination was the immediate trigger rather than the sole underlying cause. Hence A is correct.
03 What was the main difference between liberals and radicals on the question of suffrage?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Liberals limited suffrage to men of property while radicals wanted wider rights
Explanation: Liberals did not support full democracy while many radicals wanted wider suffrage. Exam tip: identify their difference through voting rights.
09 How did conservatives and radicals differ in their method of change?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Conservatives wanted slow change while radicals wanted wider change
Explanation: Conservatives wanted gradual change while radicals were linked with wider change. Exam tip: identify the difference through pace of change.
14 What was one important difference between the ideas of Robert Owen and Louis Blanc?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Owen built a cooperative community like New Harmony while Blanc wanted state-supported cooperatives
Explanation: Owen was linked with an experimental cooperative community and Blanc stressed the government's role. Exam tip: remember the difference between the two names.
18 The idea of class struggle is most useful for explaining which relation?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Capitalist and worker
Explanation: According to Marx the interests of capitalists and workers clash in capitalist society. Exam tip: remember the correct sides of class struggle.
19 The formation of the Second International indicated what?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. International linking of socialist and workers' movements
Explanation: The Second International linked socialist and workers' organisations internationally. Exam tip: connect it with global workers' organisation.
20 Why was reducing working hours included in the demands of workers' associations?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because workers worked for very long hours
Explanation: During industrialisation, many workers had to remain in factories for very long hours, often under strict discipline and in unhealthy or unsafe conditions. Such schedules left little time for sleep, family life, education, or recovery and could damage workers’ health. Workers’ associations therefore demanded shorter working hours as a practical reform that would limit exploitation and improve the quality of life of wage earners. Option A is correct because excessive working time was the direct reason for this demand. Option B is an exaggeration: workers were asking for humane conditions, not refusing all work. Option C is wrong because the issue was excessive labour, not an absence of factory work. Option D has no connection with the historical situation.
21 Why was workers forming associations important in the age of social change?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. They could collectively demand better wages, shorter working hours, and safer working conditions
Explanation: During industrialisation, workers often faced low wages, long working hours, and unsafe conditions. By forming associations, they could act collectively and press employers and governments for better rights and conditions. Options B and C concern the interests of monarchs and nobles, not workers. Exam tip: link workers’ associations with wages, working hours, and workplace conditions.
22 How did liberals and socialists differ on the question of private property?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Liberals generally accepted private property while socialists criticised it
Explanation: Liberals were linked with economic freedom while socialists saw private property as a cause of exploitation. Exam tip: identify the difference through economic views.
23 Both radicals and socialists were concerned with inequality but how did their solutions differ?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Radicals opposed concentration of property while socialists criticised private property itself
Explanation: Radicals disliked concentration of wealth while socialists linked private property with exploitation. Exam tip: remember the subtle difference.
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