How is the alliance of state and market visible in deforestation?

Correct answer: The state provided control and the market increased demand for timber and crops

The direct answer is A: the state provided control, while the market increased demand for timber and commercial crops. Colonial deforestation happened through their combined action. First, the colonial state surveyed forests, made rules, claimed ownership, and controlled cutting. Then railways, ships, buildings, and plantations created a market for wood and land. Officials and companies therefore had both the legal power and the financial reason to clear forests. Option A is correct because it clearly joins state control with market demand. Option B is wrong because neither the state nor the market left forests alone; both became deeply involved. Option C is wrong because timber demand increased rather than ended. Option D is wrong because colonial governments often encouraged commercial plantations instead of banning them. The key chain is: state control plus market demand leads to large-scale extraction and deforestation. Memory cue: remember “law opens the way, market gives the reason.”