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Which conclusion is strengthened by the story of forest transformation and resistance in Java?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Colonial forest policies restricted local livelihoods and rights, leading to resistance

In Java, Dutch colonial rule increased state control over forests and restricted villagers’ customary uses such as collecting wood, grazing, and cultivation. This led to different forms of opposition by groups such as the Kalangs and the followers of Samin. Therefore, the correct conclusion is that forest policies affected rights and livelihoods and generated resistance. Options B and C are incorrect because villagers neither retained unrestricted forest access nor universally accepted colonial laws. Exam tip: remember the link: state control → livelihood restrictions → resistance.

Related tags

Java ForestsColonial ForestryForest ResistanceDutch ColonialismSamin MovementKalang CommunityForest Transformations In JavaForest Society And Colonialism

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