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What was the political meaning of forest transformation in Java in terms of local rights?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Local use rights were restricted by state regulations and claims of ownership

In Java, the colonial state brought forests under its control and made rules to secure timber and revenue. This restricted villagers’ customary rights such as grazing, collecting fuelwood, shifting cultivation, and other forest uses. Therefore, A is correct. Option D is tempting, but the state generally placed its forest interests above customary village rights. Exam tip: link state control with the decline of local customary rights.

Related tags

Forest Society And ColonialismJava ForestsLocal RightsColonial StateCustomary RightsForest TransformationForest Transformations In JavaHistory

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