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How did Dutch forest control change the relation between law and forest for villagers in Java?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Forest use became subject to state laws, permits and penalties rather than local rights

Dutch colonial rule brought Java’s forests under state control. Villagers’ customary practices, such as collecting timber, grazing animals or gathering forest produce, became regulated by legal permissions, and violations could be punished. Therefore, option A is correct. Option B is the closest opposite distractor: forest use became more restricted, not fully free. Exam tip: link colonial forest laws with the replacement of customary rights by state control.

Related tags

Java ForestsDutch ColonialismForest LawsCustomary RightsState ControlForest Transformations In JavaForest Society And ColonialismHistory

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