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Which example clearly shows the conflict between state forest ownership and local use in Java?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Saminists refusing to pay taxes and fines

The example shows how the colonial state claimed ownership of forests while local people regarded the forest as a source of customary rights and livelihood. The Saminists challenged this claim because they did not accept that the Dutch government could impose complete control over land and forest resources used by villagers. Their action represents resistance to the replacement of community customs by state authority.

The refusal to pay taxes and fines was not an unrelated economic act. It was a deliberate form of non-cooperation against colonial rules and the state’s forest claim. Sea-port construction, cotton mills, and railway tickets do not describe this conflict in Java’s forests. Therefore, option A is correct.

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State-OwnershipSamin

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