Against whom was the Kalang revolt in Java?

Correct answer: Against Dutch control

The direct answer is A: the Kalang revolt was against Dutch control. The Kalangs were a forest-dependent and forest-skilled community in Java. Dutch colonial rule tried to control forests, timber resources and the labour connected with them. Resistance by the Kalangs therefore became opposition to Dutch authority. The reasoning is: the Dutch imposed colonial control; the Kalangs did not accept that control; their revolt was directed against the Dutch system, not against unrelated groups. Option A is correct because it names the actual target. Option B, Indian peasants, is wrong because they were not the rulers imposing the forest system in Java described here. Option C, French poets, is unrelated to Indonesian colonial forest history. Option D, the Mughal court, belonged to a different historical and geographical setting and was not the colonial power controlling Java. Thus only A fits both the place and the event. Exam memory: identify the location first—Java in this chapter means Dutch colonial rule and Kalang resistance against it.