The Harappan civilisation is also called the Indus Valley Civilisation. Remember both names for the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता / Indus Valley Civilisation. The Harappan civilisation is also called the Indus Valley Civilisation. Remember both names for the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा सभ्यता को सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता भी कहा जाता है। परीक्षा में दोनों नाम याद रखें।
Harappa is located in the Punjab province of present-day Pakistan. Province-based location questions are common.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पंजाब / Punjab. Harappa is located in the Punjab province of present-day Pakistan. Province-based location questions are common.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा वर्तमान पाकिस्तान के पंजाब प्रांत में स्थित है। स्थान आधारित प्रश्नों में प्रांत भी पूछा जा सकता है।
Mohenjodaro is commonly translated as the Mound of the Dead. Remember the meanings of important site names.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मृतकों का टीला / Mound of the Dead. Mohenjodaro is commonly translated as the Mound of the Dead. Remember the meanings of important site names.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मोहनजोदड़ो का अर्थ प्रायः मृतकों का टीला बताया जाता है। पुरास्थलों के नामों के अर्थ भी याद रखें।
The Great Bath is the famous public structure at Mohenjodaro. Note its carefully waterproofed construction.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. महान स्नानागार / Great Bath. The Great Bath is the famous public structure at Mohenjodaro. Note its carefully waterproofed construction.
Step 3
Exam Tip
महान स्नानागार मोहनजोदड़ो की प्रसिद्ध सार्वजनिक संरचना है। इसकी जलरोधी बनावट पर ध्यान दें।
The larger residential part of Harappan cities is called the lower town. Its planned streets and houses were important.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. निचला नगर / Lower Town. The larger residential part of Harappan cities is called the lower town. Its planned streets and houses were important.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा नगरों का बड़ा आवासीय भाग निचला नगर कहलाता है। इसकी सड़कों और मकानों की योजना महत्वपूर्ण थी।
D. सुव्यवस्थित जाल के रूप में/In a planned grid pattern
Step 1
Concept
Houses and streets were built in a planned grid pattern. The grid plan was a key feature of urban development.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. सुव्यवस्थित जाल के रूप में / In a planned grid pattern. Houses and streets were built in a planned grid pattern. The grid plan was a key feature of urban development.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मकान और सड़कें सुव्यवस्थित जाल योजना में बनाए गए थे। जाल योजना शहरी विकास की पहचान थी।
Many drains in Harappan cities were covered. Arrangements were also made for their regular cleaning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ढकी हुई नालियों के लिए / Covered drains. Many drains in Harappan cities were covered. Arrangements were also made for their regular cleaning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा नगरों में अनेक नालियाँ ढकी हुई थीं। उनकी नियमित सफाई की भी व्यवस्था थी।
Small household drains were connected to larger street drains. This shows an advanced sanitation system.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सड़क की नालियों में / Into street drains. Small household drains were connected to larger street drains. This shows an advanced sanitation system.
Step 3
Exam Tip
घरों की छोटी नालियाँ सड़क की बड़ी नालियों से जुड़ी होती थीं। यह विकसित स्वच्छता व्यवस्था दिखाती है।
Many houses had rooms built around a central courtyard. The courtyard was the centre of household activities.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. आँगन के चारों ओर कमरे / Rooms around a courtyard. Many houses had rooms built around a central courtyard. The courtyard was the centre of household activities.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अनेक घरों में केंद्रीय आँगन के चारों ओर कमरे बने थे। आँगन घरेलू गतिविधियों का केंद्र था।
Many house entrances opened towards side lanes rather than main streets. This helped maintain privacy.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. गलियों की ओर / Towards side lanes. Many house entrances opened towards side lanes rather than main streets. This helped maintain privacy.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कई मकानों के द्वार मुख्य सड़कों के बजाय गलियों की ओर खुलते थे। इससे निजता बनाए रखने में सहायता मिलती थी।
A large number of wells were found at Mohenjodaro. This reflects its developed water management system.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मोहनजोदड़ो / Mohenjodaro. A large number of wells were found at Mohenjodaro. This reflects its developed water management system.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मोहनजोदड़ो में बड़ी संख्या में कुएँ पाए गए हैं। यह नगर की विकसित जल व्यवस्था को दर्शाता है।
Standardised baked bricks were widely used in Harappan construction. Their fixed proportions were distinctive.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मानकीकृत पकी ईंटें / Standardised baked bricks. Standardised baked bricks were widely used in Harappan construction. Their fixed proportions were distinctive.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा निर्माण में मानकीकृत आकार की पकी ईंटों का व्यापक प्रयोग हुआ। ईंटों का निश्चित अनुपात विशेष था।
D. मानकीकरण और नियोजित निर्माण/Standardisation and planned construction
Step 1
Concept
The uniform brick ratio indicates standardisation and shared building rules. It shows advanced urban planning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. मानकीकरण और नियोजित निर्माण / Standardisation and planned construction. The uniform brick ratio indicates standardisation and shared building rules. It shows advanced urban planning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ईंटों का समान अनुपात मानकीकरण और निर्माण संबंधी साझा नियमों का संकेत है। यह नगर योजना की उन्नति दिखाता है।
The citadel was generally built on a raised platform. This made it distinct from the lower town.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ऊँचे चबूतरे पर / On a raised platform. The citadel was generally built on a raised platform. This made it distinct from the lower town.
Step 3
Exam Tip
दुर्ग क्षेत्र सामान्यतः ऊँचे चबूतरे पर बनाया जाता था। इससे वह निचले नगर से अलग दिखाई देता था।
B. महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्र को सुरक्षित और अलग करना/To protect and separate an important area
Step 1
Concept
Fortification protected and separated important urban areas. It should not be linked only with warfare.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्र को सुरक्षित और अलग करना / To protect and separate an important area. Fortification protected and separated important urban areas. It should not be linked only with warfare.
Step 3
Exam Tip
किलेबंदी महत्वपूर्ण नगर क्षेत्रों को सुरक्षित और अलग करती थी। इसे केवल युद्ध से जोड़ना उचित नहीं है।
Dholavira is generally described as a city divided into three major sections. Its layout differed from other cities.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. तीन / Three. Dholavira is generally described as a city divided into three major sections. Its layout differed from other cities.
Step 3
Exam Tip
धोलावीरा को सामान्यतः तीन प्रमुख भागों में विभाजित नगर माना जाता है। इसका विन्यास अन्य नगरों से अलग था।
Kalibangan is an important Harappan site in Rajasthan. It is also known for evidence of a ploughed field.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. राजस्थान / Rajasthan. Kalibangan is an important Harappan site in Rajasthan. It is also known for evidence of a ploughed field.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कालीबंगन राजस्थान में स्थित एक महत्वपूर्ण हड़प्पा पुरास्थल है। यह जुते हुए खेत के प्रमाण के लिए भी जाना जाता है।
A. जुते हुए खेत के निशान/Marks of a ploughed field
Step 1
Concept
Marks of a ploughed field were found at Kalibangan. They provide information about agricultural practices.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जुते हुए खेत के निशान / Marks of a ploughed field. Marks of a ploughed field were found at Kalibangan. They provide information about agricultural practices.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कालीबंगन में जुते हुए खेत के निशान मिले हैं। इससे कृषि पद्धतियों की जानकारी मिलती है।
Chanhudaro was an important centre of bead-making and other crafts. Remember the main craft centres.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. मनके और शिल्प वस्तुएँ / Beads and craft objects. Chanhudaro was an important centre of bead-making and other crafts. Remember the main craft centres.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चन्हूदड़ो मनका निर्माण और अन्य शिल्प गतिविधियों का प्रमुख केंद्र था। शिल्प केंद्रों का मिलान याद रखें।
Some large structures have been identified as granaries or storage places. Scholars may differ about their exact use.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. अन्नागार / Granaries. Some large structures have been identified as granaries or storage places. Scholars may differ about their exact use.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कुछ विशाल संरचनाओं को अन्नागार या भंडारण स्थल माना गया है। इनके उपयोग पर विद्वानों में मतभेद भी हो सकते हैं।
B. वस्तुओं को तौलने और व्यापार के लिए/For weighing goods and trade
Step 1
Concept
Standardised weights were used for accurate measurement of goods and trade. This shows an organised economic system.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. वस्तुओं को तौलने और व्यापार के लिए / For weighing goods and trade. Standardised weights were used for accurate measurement of goods and trade. This shows an organised economic system.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मानकीकृत बाट वस्तुओं के सही माप और व्यापार में उपयोग किए जाते थे। यह संगठित आर्थिक व्यवस्था दिखाता है।
Harappan seals carry animal figures along with short inscriptions. They may have been used in identity or trade.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पशु आकृतियाँ और लिपि / Animal figures and script. Harappan seals carry animal figures along with short inscriptions. They may have been used in identity or trade.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा मुहरों पर पशु आकृतियों के साथ छोटी लिपि मिलती है। मुहरों का उपयोग पहचान या व्यापार में हुआ होगा।
Most Harappan inscriptions are very short. This is one reason why deciphering the script has been difficult.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. छोटे और संक्षिप्त / Short and brief. Most Harappan inscriptions are very short. This is one reason why deciphering the script has been difficult.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अधिकांश हड़प्पा अभिलेख बहुत छोटे हैं। यही कारण है कि लिपि पढ़ना कठिन रहा है।
D. इससे कच्चा माल और तैयार वस्तुएँ दूर तक पहुँचीं/It moved raw materials and finished goods over long distances
Step 1
Concept
Trade enabled long-distance exchange of raw materials and craft goods. It strengthened the urban economy.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. इससे कच्चा माल और तैयार वस्तुएँ दूर तक पहुँचीं / It moved raw materials and finished goods over long distances. Trade enabled long-distance exchange of raw materials and craft goods. It strengthened the urban economy.
Step 3
Exam Tip
व्यापार से कच्चे माल और शिल्प वस्तुओं का दूरस्थ आदान प्रदान हुआ। इससे नगरों की अर्थव्यवस्था मजबूत हुई।
Evidence shows Harappan trade relations with Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian records mention a region called Meluhha.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मेसोपोटामिया / Mesopotamia. Evidence shows Harappan trade relations with Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian records mention a region called Meluhha.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पावासियों के मेसोपोटामिया से व्यापारिक संबंधों के प्रमाण मिले हैं। मेसोपोटामिया के अभिलेखों में मेलुहा का उल्लेख है।
Many historians associate Meluhha with the Harappan region. It indicates long-distance trade.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. हड़प्पा क्षेत्र / Harappan region. Many historians associate Meluhha with the Harappan region. It indicates long-distance trade.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अनेक इतिहासकार मेलुहा को हड़प्पा क्षेत्र से जोड़ते हैं। यह लंबी दूरी के व्यापार का संकेत है।
Faience was used to make beads and small decorative ornaments. It was a glazed artificial material.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. मनके और छोटे आभूषण / Beads and small ornaments. Faience was used to make beads and small decorative ornaments. It was a glazed artificial material.
Step 3
Exam Tip
फैयेंस से मनके और छोटे सजावटी आभूषण बनाए जाते थे। यह चमकीला कृत्रिम पदार्थ था।
A. भट्टियाँ और अधबनी वस्तुएँ/Furnaces and unfinished objects
Step 1
Concept
Furnaces and unfinished objects help identify workshops. Such remains provide evidence of craft production.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. भट्टियाँ और अधबनी वस्तुएँ / Furnaces and unfinished objects. Furnaces and unfinished objects help identify workshops. Such remains provide evidence of craft production.
Step 3
Exam Tip
भट्टियाँ और अधबनी वस्तुएँ कार्यशालाओं की पहचान में मदद करती हैं। ऐसे अवशेष शिल्प उत्पादन के प्रमाण हैं।
B. कृषि शिल्प और व्यापार/Agriculture crafts and trade
Step 1
Concept
The Harappan economy was based on agriculture along with crafts and trade. Cities received food supplies from rural areas.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. कृषि शिल्प और व्यापार / Agriculture crafts and trade. The Harappan economy was based on agriculture along with crafts and trade. Cities received food supplies from rural areas.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा अर्थव्यवस्था कृषि के साथ शिल्प और व्यापार पर आधारित थी। नगरों को ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों से खाद्य सामग्री मिलती थी।
C. वस्त्र निर्माण का ज्ञान/Knowledge of textile production
Step 1
Concept
Evidence of cotton shows that the Harappans knew textile production. Spindle whorls have also been found.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. वस्त्र निर्माण का ज्ञान / Knowledge of textile production. Evidence of cotton shows that the Harappans knew textile production. Spindle whorls have also been found.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कपास के प्रमाण बताते हैं कि हड़प्पावासी वस्त्र निर्माण जानते थे। सूत कातने के तकुए भी मिले हैं।
Toy models of bullock carts indicate the use of land transport. Wheeled vehicles probably helped carry goods.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. स्थलीय परिवहन / Land transport. Toy models of bullock carts indicate the use of land transport. Wheeled vehicles probably helped carry goods.
Step 3
Exam Tip
बैलगाड़ी के खिलौना नमूने स्थलीय परिवहन के उपयोग का संकेत देते हैं। पहिएदार वाहन वस्तुओं की ढुलाई में सहायक रहे होंगे।
A. बड़े नगरों और मानकीकरण का कमजोर होना/Weakening of large cities and standardisation
Step 1
Concept
After the Mature Harappan phase large cities and standardised objects declined. Regional cultures became more visible.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. बड़े नगरों और मानकीकरण का कमजोर होना / Weakening of large cities and standardisation. After the Mature Harappan phase large cities and standardised objects declined. Regional cultures became more visible.
Step 3
Exam Tip
परिपक्व हड़प्पा चरण के बाद बड़े नगर और मानकीकृत वस्तुएँ कम होने लगीं। क्षेत्रीय संस्कृतियाँ अधिक स्पष्ट हुईं।
B. क्योंकि वहाँ नियोजित नगर शिल्प व्यापार और जल निकासी व्यवस्था थी/Because it had planned cities crafts trade and drainage
Step 1
Concept
The Harappan civilisation had planned cities developed crafts trade and sanitation. These features make it an early urban civilisation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. क्योंकि वहाँ नियोजित नगर शिल्प व्यापार और जल निकासी व्यवस्था थी / Because it had planned cities crafts trade and drainage. The Harappan civilisation had planned cities developed crafts trade and sanitation. These features make it an early urban civilisation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा सभ्यता में नियोजित नगर विकसित शिल्प व्यापार और स्वच्छता व्यवस्था थी। ये विशेषताएँ इसे आरंभिक नगरीय सभ्यता बनाती हैं।
Standardised mud and baked bricks were used in public buildings. Brick construction was a major feature of Harappan architecture.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मानकीकृत ईंटें / Standardised bricks. Standardised mud and baked bricks were used in public buildings. Brick construction was a major feature of Harappan architecture.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सार्वजनिक भवनों में मानकीकृत कच्ची और पकी ईंटों का उपयोग किया जाता था। ईंट निर्माण हड़प्पा वास्तुकला की प्रमुख विशेषता थी।
Inspection holes were provided in covered drains for cleaning. This shows an organised maintenance system.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. निरीक्षण छिद्र / Inspection holes. Inspection holes were provided in covered drains for cleaning. This shows an organised maintenance system.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ढकी हुई नालियों में सफाई के लिए निरीक्षण छिद्र बनाए गए थे। यह नियमित रखरखाव की व्यवस्था दिखाता है।
A drainage channel was provided to remove water from the Great Bath. It reflects advanced water management.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. जल निकासी नाली / Drainage channel. A drainage channel was provided to remove water from the Great Bath. It reflects advanced water management.
Step 3
Exam Tip
महान स्नानागार से जल निकालने के लिए नाली की व्यवस्था थी। यह उन्नत जल प्रबंधन को दर्शाता है।
Most houses were built around a central courtyard. It provided open space for light and household activities.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. केंद्रीय आँगन / Central courtyard. Most houses were built around a central courtyard. It provided open space for light and household activities.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अधिकांश मकान केंद्रीय आँगन के आसपास बने थे। इससे प्रकाश और घरेलू कार्यों के लिए खुला स्थान मिलता था।
Evidence of staircases leading to upper floors or roofs has been found in some houses. This suggests multi-storeyed construction.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सीढ़ियाँ / Staircases. Evidence of staircases leading to upper floors or roofs has been found in some houses. This suggests multi-storeyed construction.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कुछ मकानों में ऊपरी मंजिल या छत तक जाने वाली सीढ़ियों के प्रमाण मिले हैं। इससे बहुमंजिला निर्माण का संकेत मिलता है।
Water from private bathrooms flowed through household drains into street drains. This was a well-organised drainage system.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. घरेलू नाली में / Into a household drain. Water from private bathrooms flowed through household drains into street drains. This was a well-organised drainage system.
Step 3
Exam Tip
निजी स्नानघर का पानी छोटी घरेलू नाली से सड़क की नाली तक जाता था। यह सुव्यवस्थित निकासी प्रणाली थी।
C. औजारों और उत्पादन के अवशेषों से/By tools and production remains
Step 1
Concept
Tools unfinished objects and raw material remains help identify workplaces. Focus on archaeological evidence in exams.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. औजारों और उत्पादन के अवशेषों से / By tools and production remains. Tools unfinished objects and raw material remains help identify workplaces. Focus on archaeological evidence in exams.
Step 3
Exam Tip
औजार अधबनी वस्तुएँ और कच्चे माल के अवशेष कार्यस्थलों की पहचान कराते हैं। परीक्षा में पुरातात्विक प्रमाणों पर ध्यान दें।
A. मानकीकृत ईंटों और बाटों से/From standardised bricks and weights
Step 1
Concept
Standardised bricks and weights indicate shared rules and control. They suggest an organised system.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मानकीकृत ईंटों और बाटों से / From standardised bricks and weights. Standardised bricks and weights indicate shared rules and control. They suggest an organised system.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मानकीकृत ईंटें और बाट साझा नियमों तथा नियंत्रण का संकेत देते हैं। इससे संगठित व्यवस्था का अनुमान लगाया जाता है।
B. वे नगरों को भोजन और कच्चा माल देते थे/They supplied food and raw materials to cities
Step 1
Concept
Rural areas supplied grain animal products and raw materials to cities. Towns and villages depended on one another.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. वे नगरों को भोजन और कच्चा माल देते थे / They supplied food and raw materials to cities. Rural areas supplied grain animal products and raw materials to cities. Towns and villages depended on one another.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ग्रामीण क्षेत्र नगरों को अनाज पशु उत्पाद और कच्चा माल उपलब्ध कराते थे। नगर और गाँव एक दूसरे पर निर्भर थे।
Archaeologists study material remains such as buildings tools seals and pottery. These help reconstruct the past.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. भौतिक अवशेष / Material remains. Archaeologists study material remains such as buildings tools seals and pottery. These help reconstruct the past.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पुरातत्वविद भवनों औजारों मुहरों और मिट्टी के बर्तनों जैसे भौतिक अवशेषों का अध्ययन करते हैं। इन्हीं से अतीत का पुनर्निर्माण होता है।
