A. भौतिक अवशेषों के आधार पर अतीत का अध्ययन/Study of the past through material remains
Step 1
Concept
Archaeology reconstructs the past through objects buildings and other material remains. Remember it as the main basis of Harappan studies.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. भौतिक अवशेषों के आधार पर अतीत का अध्ययन / Study of the past through material remains. Archaeology reconstructs the past through objects buildings and other material remains. Remember it as the main basis of Harappan studies.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पुरातत्व में वस्तुओं भवनों और अन्य भौतिक अवशेषों से अतीत को समझा जाता है। परीक्षा में इसे हड़प्पा अध्ययन का मुख्य आधार याद रखें।
Excavation at Harappa first clearly identified this ancient civilisation. The civilisation was named after this site.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. हड़प्पा / Harappa. Excavation at Harappa first clearly identified this ancient civilisation. The civilisation was named after this site.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा की खुदाई से इस प्राचीन सभ्यता की पहली स्पष्ट पहचान हुई। इसी स्थल के नाम पर सभ्यता का नाम रखा गया।
C. भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण/Archaeological Survey of India
Step 1
Concept
Alexander Cunningham was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. Associate him with early Indian archaeology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण / Archaeological Survey of India. Alexander Cunningham was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. Associate him with early Indian archaeology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अलेक्जेंडर कनिंघम भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण के प्रथम महानिदेशक थे। परीक्षा में उन्हें प्रारंभिक भारतीय पुरातत्व से जोड़ें।
Cunningham noted a seal found at Harappa. At that time he could not recognise the true antiquity of the civilisation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. एक मुहर / A seal. Cunningham noted a seal found at Harappa. At that time he could not recognise the true antiquity of the civilisation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कनिंघम ने हड़प्पा से प्राप्त एक मुहर का उल्लेख किया था। उस समय वे सभ्यता की वास्तविक प्राचीनता नहीं पहचान सके थे।
A. इसके अनेक प्रारंभिक स्थल सिंधु नदी क्षेत्र में मिले/Many early sites were found in the Indus region
Step 1
Concept
Many major sites were found in the Indus River region and its tributaries. Therefore it is also called the Indus Valley civilisation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. इसके अनेक प्रारंभिक स्थल सिंधु नदी क्षेत्र में मिले / Many early sites were found in the Indus region. Many major sites were found in the Indus River region and its tributaries. Therefore it is also called the Indus Valley civilisation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
इसके कई प्रमुख स्थल सिंधु नदी और उसकी सहायक नदियों के क्षेत्र में मिले थे। इसलिए इसे सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता भी कहा गया।
The development before the mature urban phase is called the Early Harappan phase. Regional settlements expanded during this period.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. आरंभिक हड़प्पा चरण / Early Harappan phase. The development before the mature urban phase is called the Early Harappan phase. Regional settlements expanded during this period.
Step 3
Exam Tip
परिपक्व नगरीय चरण से पहले के विकास को आरंभिक हड़प्पा चरण कहा जाता है। इसमें क्षेत्रीय बस्तियों का विस्तार हुआ।
C. नियोजित नगरों का विकास/Development of planned cities
Step 1
Concept
The Mature Harappan phase saw planned cities standardised bricks and developed crafts. Associate it with urbanisation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. नियोजित नगरों का विकास / Development of planned cities. The Mature Harappan phase saw planned cities standardised bricks and developed crafts. Associate it with urbanisation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
परिपक्व हड़प्पा चरण में बड़े नियोजित नगर मानकीकृत ईंटें और विकसित शिल्प दिखाई देते हैं। परीक्षा में इसे नगरीकरण से जोड़ें।
D. बड़े नगरों का महत्व कम हुआ/The importance of large cities declined
Step 1
Concept
During the Late Harappan phase many large cities weakened and smaller regional settlements grew. Some older traditions continued.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. बड़े नगरों का महत्व कम हुआ / The importance of large cities declined. During the Late Harappan phase many large cities weakened and smaller regional settlements grew. Some older traditions continued.
Step 3
Exam Tip
उत्तर हड़प्पा चरण में कई बड़े नगर कमजोर हुए और छोटी क्षेत्रीय बस्तियां बढ़ीं। कुछ पुरानी परंपराएं जारी रहीं।
A. सड़कें समकोण पर एक-दूसरे को काटती थीं/Streets crossed one another at right angles
Step 1
Concept
In a grid pattern streets intersected one another approximately at right angles. This divided the city into organised blocks.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सड़कें समकोण पर एक-दूसरे को काटती थीं / Streets crossed one another at right angles. In a grid pattern streets intersected one another approximately at right angles. This divided the city into organised blocks.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ग्रिड पद्धति में सड़कें एक-दूसरे को लगभग समकोण पर काटती थीं। इससे नगर व्यवस्थित खंडों में बंटता था।
B. वह ऊंचे चबूतरे पर बना था/It was built on a raised platform
Step 1
Concept
The citadel was usually constructed on a raised platform. Some important public structures were located there.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. वह ऊंचे चबूतरे पर बना था / It was built on a raised platform. The citadel was usually constructed on a raised platform. Some important public structures were located there.
Step 3
Exam Tip
दुर्ग क्षेत्र सामान्यतः ऊंचे चबूतरे पर बनाया जाता था। यहां कुछ महत्वपूर्ण सार्वजनिक संरचनाएं स्थित थीं।
C. जल से भरा सार्वजनिक स्नानकुंड/A public bathing tank
Step 1
Concept
The Great Bath was a waterproof brick-lined bathing tank. It was probably used for special collective or ritual bathing.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. जल से भरा सार्वजनिक स्नानकुंड / A public bathing tank. The Great Bath was a waterproof brick-lined bathing tank. It was probably used for special collective or ritual bathing.
Step 3
Exam Tip
महान स्नानागार एक ईंट निर्मित जलरोधी स्नानकुंड था। इसे संभवतः विशेष सामूहिक या अनुष्ठानिक स्नान में उपयोग किया जाता था।
D. वस्त्र बदलने या विशेष गतिविधियों के लिए/For changing clothes or special activities
Step 1
Concept
Rooms around the Great Bath may have supported activities connected with bathing. Their exact function is not known.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. वस्त्र बदलने या विशेष गतिविधियों के लिए / For changing clothes or special activities. Rooms around the Great Bath may have supported activities connected with bathing. Their exact function is not known.
Step 3
Exam Tip
स्नानागार के आसपास बने कमरे स्नान से जुड़ी गतिविधियों के लिए उपयोग किए गए होंगे। उनका निश्चित उपयोग ज्ञात नहीं है।
A. संगठित निर्माण व्यवस्था/Organised construction system
Step 1
Concept
Bricks of uniform proportions suggest planned production and construction rules. They also indicate wider organisation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. संगठित निर्माण व्यवस्था / Organised construction system. Bricks of uniform proportions suggest planned production and construction rules. They also indicate wider organisation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
एक समान अनुपात वाली ईंटें योजनाबद्ध उत्पादन और निर्माण नियमों का संकेत देती हैं। यह व्यापक संगठन को भी दर्शाती हैं।
B. चबूतरों और दीवारों के निर्माण में/For constructing platforms and walls
Step 1
Concept
Mud bricks were used in structures such as walls and raised platforms. Baked bricks were also an important building material.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. चबूतरों और दीवारों के निर्माण में / For constructing platforms and walls. Mud bricks were used in structures such as walls and raised platforms. Baked bricks were also an important building material.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कच्ची ईंटों का उपयोग दीवारों और ऊंचे चबूतरों जैसी संरचनाओं में होता था। पकी ईंटें भी महत्वपूर्ण निर्माण सामग्री थीं।
C. उन्नत स्वच्छता व्यवस्था/Advanced sanitation system
Step 1
Concept
Covered drains and arrangements for their cleaning show advanced civic sanitation. This was a major feature of Harappan planning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. उन्नत स्वच्छता व्यवस्था / Advanced sanitation system. Covered drains and arrangements for their cleaning show advanced civic sanitation. This was a major feature of Harappan planning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ढकी हुई नालियां और उनकी सफाई की व्यवस्था उन्नत नागरिक स्वच्छता दिखाती हैं। यह हड़प्पाई नगर नियोजन की प्रमुख विशेषता थी।
D. अपशिष्ट जल को बाहर निकालना/To remove wastewater
Step 1
Concept
Wastewater from houses flowed through smaller drains into main drains. This helped maintain cleanliness in residential areas.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. अपशिष्ट जल को बाहर निकालना / To remove wastewater. Wastewater from houses flowed through smaller drains into main drains. This helped maintain cleanliness in residential areas.
Step 3
Exam Tip
घरों से निकलने वाला गंदा पानी छोटी नालियों से मुख्य नालियों तक पहुंचता था। इससे आवासीय क्षेत्रों की सफाई बनी रहती थी।
Large reservoirs were built at Dholavira to collect rainwater and runoff. This shows advanced water management.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. विशाल जलाशय / Large reservoirs. Large reservoirs were built at Dholavira to collect rainwater and runoff. This shows advanced water management.
Step 3
Exam Tip
धोलावीरा में वर्षा और बहते जल को जमा करने के लिए बड़े जलाशय बनाए गए थे। यह उन्नत जल प्रबंधन दिखाता है।
B. उस पर बड़े हड़प्पाई चिह्न थे/It carried large Harappan signs
Step 1
Concept
Dholavira yielded a signboard with large Harappan signs. It appears to have been meant for public display.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. उस पर बड़े हड़प्पाई चिह्न थे / It carried large Harappan signs. Dholavira yielded a signboard with large Harappan signs. It appears to have been meant for public display.
Step 3
Exam Tip
धोलावीरा से बड़े आकार के हड़प्पाई चिह्नों वाली पट्टिका मिली है। यह सार्वजनिक प्रदर्शन के लिए बनाई गई प्रतीत होती है।
C. वह समुद्री मार्गों के निकट था/It was near maritime routes
Step 1
Concept
Lothal was located in Gujarat in an area suitable for maritime contacts. It became an important centre of trade and crafts.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. वह समुद्री मार्गों के निकट था / It was near maritime routes. Lothal was located in Gujarat in an area suitable for maritime contacts. It became an important centre of trade and crafts.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लोथल गुजरात में समुद्री संपर्क के अनुकूल क्षेत्र में स्थित था। इसलिए वह व्यापार और शिल्प का महत्वपूर्ण केंद्र बना।
The large brick-built basin at Lothal is generally identified as a dockyard. It suggests the site's connection with maritime trade.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. गोदी / Dockyard. The large brick-built basin at Lothal is generally identified as a dockyard. It suggests the site's connection with maritime trade.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लोथल का विशाल ईंट निर्मित बेसिन सामान्यतः गोदी माना जाता है। यह समुद्री व्यापार से उसके संबंध का संकेत देता है।
Crossing furrow marks were found in a field at Kalibangan. They may indicate a method of growing different crops together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. नियोजित कृषि / Planned agriculture. Crossing furrow marks were found in a field at Kalibangan. They may indicate a method of growing different crops together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कालीबंगन के खेत में परस्पर काटती हल रेखाएं मिली हैं। वे एक साथ अलग फसलें उगाने की पद्धति का संकेत दे सकती हैं।
Sickle-like tools were probably used to harvest crops. Since direct evidence is limited archaeologists draw conclusions cautiously.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. धातु या पत्थर के हंसिए / Metal or stone sickles. Sickle-like tools were probably used to harvest crops. Since direct evidence is limited archaeologists draw conclusions cautiously.
Step 3
Exam Tip
फसल काटने के लिए हंसिए जैसे औजार उपयोग किए जाते होंगे। प्रत्यक्ष प्रमाण सीमित होने के कारण पुरातत्वविद् सावधानी से निष्कर्ष निकालते हैं।
D. उगाई और खाई जाने वाली फसलें/Crops grown and consumed
Step 1
Concept
Charred seeds and grains provide information about ancient farming and diet. Burning can preserve them for long periods.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. उगाई और खाई जाने वाली फसलें / Crops grown and consumed. Charred seeds and grains provide information about ancient farming and diet. Burning can preserve them for long periods.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जले हुए बीज और अनाज प्राचीन कृषि तथा भोजन की जानकारी देते हैं। जलने के कारण वे लंबे समय तक सुरक्षित रह सकते हैं।
Archaeobotany studies plant remains such as seeds grains and pollen. It helps reconstruct ancient farming and diet.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पुरावनस्पति विज्ञान / Archaeobotany. Archaeobotany studies plant remains such as seeds grains and pollen. It helps reconstruct ancient farming and diet.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पुरावनस्पति विज्ञान में बीज अनाज और पराग जैसे पौध अवशेषों का अध्ययन किया जाता है। इससे प्राचीन खेती और भोजन समझे जाते हैं।
Archaeo-zoologists study animal bones and teeth. Their work reveals information about herding hunting and diet.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. पुराप्राणिविज्ञानी / Archaeo-zoologist. Archaeo-zoologists study animal bones and teeth. Their work reveals information about herding hunting and diet.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पुराप्राणिविज्ञानी पशु अस्थियों और दांतों का अध्ययन करते हैं। इससे पशुपालन शिकार और भोजन की जानकारी मिलती है।
Sheep and goats provided food and useful products such as wool. Their bones have been found at many Harappan sites.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मांस दूध और ऊन के लिए / For meat milk and wool. Sheep and goats provided food and useful products such as wool. Their bones have been found at many Harappan sites.
Step 3
Exam Tip
भेड़ और बकरियां भोजन तथा ऊन जैसे उपयोगी उत्पाद देती थीं। उनकी अस्थियां कई हड़प्पा स्थलों पर मिली हैं।
D. लोग इन पशुओं से परिचित थे/People were familiar with these animals
Step 1
Concept
Their depiction on seals shows that Harappans knew these animals. It does not prove that all of them were domesticated.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. लोग इन पशुओं से परिचित थे / People were familiar with these animals. Their depiction on seals shows that Harappans knew these animals. It does not prove that all of them were domesticated.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मुहरों पर इन पशुओं की आकृतियां बताती हैं कि हड़प्पावासी उन्हें जानते थे। इससे यह सिद्ध नहीं होता कि सभी पशु पालतू थे।
A. कच्चे पत्थर को काटकर आकार देना/Cutting and shaping raw stone
Step 1
Concept
Craftspeople first cut raw stone into a suitable shape. It was later polished and drilled.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कच्चे पत्थर को काटकर आकार देना / Cutting and shaping raw stone. Craftspeople first cut raw stone into a suitable shape. It was later polished and drilled.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शिल्पकार पहले कच्चे पत्थर को उपयुक्त आकार में काटते थे। बाद में उसे घिसकर छेद किया जाता था।
Heating made the red colour of carnelian brighter. This is an example of controlled heat technology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. उन्हें गर्म किया जाता था / They were heated. Heating made the red colour of carnelian brighter. This is an example of controlled heat technology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कार्नेलियन को गर्म करने से उसका लाल रंग अधिक चमकीला हो जाता था। यह नियंत्रित ताप तकनीक का उदाहरण है।
D. वह महत्वपूर्ण शिल्प उत्पादन केंद्र था/It was an important craft-production centre
Step 1
Concept
Evidence of bead-making and other crafts has been found at Chanhudaro. No clear citadel has been identified there.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. वह महत्वपूर्ण शिल्प उत्पादन केंद्र था / It was an important craft-production centre. Evidence of bead-making and other crafts has been found at Chanhudaro. No clear citadel has been identified there.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चन्हूदड़ो में मनका निर्माण और अन्य शिल्पों के प्रमाण मिले हैं। यहां दुर्ग क्षेत्र का स्पष्ट प्रमाण नहीं मिला।
Shells were obtained from seacoasts. Sites such as Nageshwar and Balakot were known for shell-working.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. समुद्री तटों से / From seacoasts. Shells were obtained from seacoasts. Sites such as Nageshwar and Balakot were known for shell-working.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शंख समुद्री तटों से प्राप्त किए जाते थे। नागेश्वर और बालाकोट जैसे स्थल शंख शिल्प के लिए प्रसिद्ध थे।
Gold was rare and valuable so it was used for ornaments. Such objects may also indicate social differences.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. आभूषण बनाने के लिए / For making ornaments. Gold was rare and valuable so it was used for ornaments. Such objects may also indicate social differences.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सोना दुर्लभ और मूल्यवान था इसलिए उससे आभूषण बनाए जाते थे। ऐसी वस्तुएं सामाजिक भिन्नता का संकेत भी दे सकती हैं।
D. लोहे का सामान्य उपयोग नहीं था/Iron was not in common use
Step 1
Concept
The Harappan civilisation belonged to the Bronze Age and iron was not commonly used. Copper and bronze were major metals.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. लोहे का सामान्य उपयोग नहीं था / Iron was not in common use. The Harappan civilisation belonged to the Bronze Age and iron was not commonly used. Copper and bronze were major metals.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा सभ्यता कांस्य युगीन थी और लोहे का सामान्य उपयोग नहीं मिलता। तांबा और कांसा प्रमुख धातुएं थीं।
A. वस्तुओं की मात्रा मापने के लिए/To measure quantities of goods
Step 1
Concept
Standardised weights allowed accurate measurement of traded goods. This helped maintain consistency in exchange.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वस्तुओं की मात्रा मापने के लिए / To measure quantities of goods. Standardised weights allowed accurate measurement of traded goods. This helped maintain consistency in exchange.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मानकीकृत बाट व्यापारिक वस्तुओं का सही मापन संभव बनाते थे। इससे विनिमय में समानता बनी रहती थी।
A broken sealing on a package indicated tampering or opening. This helped maintain security in trade.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. पैकेट खोला गया था / The package had been opened. A broken sealing on a package indicated tampering or opening. This helped maintain security in trade.
Step 3
Exam Tip
माल के पैकेट पर लगी मुहरबंदी टूटने से छेड़छाड़ या पैकेट खुलने का संकेत मिलता था। इससे व्यापारिक सुरक्षा बनी रहती थी।
A. लिपि अब तक पढ़ी नहीं गई है/The script has not yet been deciphered
Step 1
Concept
Since the Harappan script is undeciphered the exact linguistic nature of its signs is uncertain. Terms must therefore be used cautiously.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. लिपि अब तक पढ़ी नहीं गई है / The script has not yet been deciphered. Since the Harappan script is undeciphered the exact linguistic nature of its signs is uncertain. Terms must therefore be used cautiously.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा लिपि अपठित होने के कारण उसके चिह्नों का सही भाषाई स्वरूप निश्चित नहीं है। इसलिए शब्दों का प्रयोग सावधानी से करना चाहिए।
B. लिपि पढ़ना कठिन होता है/Deciphering the script becomes difficult
Step 1
Concept
Short inscriptions provide few repeated words and grammatical patterns. This makes identifying the language difficult.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. लिपि पढ़ना कठिन होता है / Deciphering the script becomes difficult. Short inscriptions provide few repeated words and grammatical patterns. This makes identifying the language difficult.
Step 3
Exam Tip
छोटे लेखों में शब्दों और व्याकरण के दोहराव कम मिलते हैं। इससे लिपि की भाषा पहचानना कठिन हो जाता है।
C. चित्र और चिह्न दोनों पहचान में उपयोगी रहे होंगे/Images and signs may both have aided identification
Step 1
Concept
Images and script on seals may have conveyed identity or symbolic messages. Their exact meaning is still uncertain.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. चित्र और चिह्न दोनों पहचान में उपयोगी रहे होंगे / Images and signs may both have aided identification. Images and script on seals may have conveyed identity or symbolic messages. Their exact meaning is still uncertain.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मुहरों पर चित्र और लिपि संभवतः पहचान या प्रतीकात्मक संदेश देते थे। उनका सही अर्थ अभी निश्चित नहीं है।
D. दुर्लभ वस्तुओं और बड़े मकानों का वितरण/Distribution of rare objects and large houses
Step 1
Concept
Unequal distribution of large houses and rare valuable objects may indicate social differences. Such conclusions remain probable rather than certain.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. दुर्लभ वस्तुओं और बड़े मकानों का वितरण / Distribution of rare objects and large houses. Unequal distribution of large houses and rare valuable objects may indicate social differences. Such conclusions remain probable rather than certain.
Step 3
Exam Tip
बड़े मकानों और दुर्लभ मूल्यवान वस्तुओं का असमान वितरण सामाजिक अंतर दिखा सकता है। यह निष्कर्ष संभावित होता है।
Pottery placed in graves may suggest beliefs about an afterlife or the needs of the dead. Its meaning is not certain.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मृत्यु संबंधी विश्वास / Beliefs related to death. Pottery placed in graves may suggest beliefs about an afterlife or the needs of the dead. Its meaning is not certain.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कब्र में बर्तन रखने से मृत्यु के बाद जीवन या मृतक की आवश्यकताओं से जुड़े विश्वास का अनुमान लगाया जाता है। इसका अर्थ निश्चित नहीं है।
B. मृतक की पहचान या सामाजिक स्थिति/Identity or social status of the deceased
Step 1
Concept
Ornaments found in a grave may indicate the identity or social status of the deceased. Graves did not contain identical goods.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मृतक की पहचान या सामाजिक स्थिति / Identity or social status of the deceased. Ornaments found in a grave may indicate the identity or social status of the deceased. Graves did not contain identical goods.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कब्र में मिले आभूषण मृतक की पहचान या सामाजिक स्थिति का संकेत दे सकते हैं। सभी कब्रों में समान वस्तुएं नहीं मिली हैं।
C. शासकों के बारे में स्पष्ट प्रमाण सीमित हैं/Clear evidence about rulers is limited
Step 1
Concept
The absence of huge royal tombs like those of Egypt makes Harappan rulers difficult to identify. It does not prove that government was absent.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. शासकों के बारे में स्पष्ट प्रमाण सीमित हैं / Clear evidence about rulers is limited. The absence of huge royal tombs like those of Egypt makes Harappan rulers difficult to identify. It does not prove that government was absent.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मिस्र जैसे विशाल राजकीय मकबरे न मिलने से हड़प्पाई शासकों की पहचान कठिन है। इससे शासन के अभाव का निश्चित निष्कर्ष नहीं निकलता।
D. व्यापक समन्वय या नियंत्रण/Wide coordination or control
Step 1
Concept
The use of standardised bricks and weights over a large region suggests some form of coordination. The exact nature of control is unknown.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. व्यापक समन्वय या नियंत्रण / Wide coordination or control. The use of standardised bricks and weights over a large region suggests some form of coordination. The exact nature of control is unknown.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मानकीकृत ईंटों और बाटों का बड़े क्षेत्र में उपयोग किसी प्रकार के समन्वय का संकेत देता है। नियंत्रण का सटीक स्वरूप ज्ञात नहीं है।
A. जल और कृषि संसाधनों की उपलब्धता घट सकती थी/Water and agricultural resources could decline
Step 1
Concept
A shifting river could affect water supply agriculture and settlements. It is one possible factor in the decline.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जल और कृषि संसाधनों की उपलब्धता घट सकती थी / Water and agricultural resources could decline. A shifting river could affect water supply agriculture and settlements. It is one possible factor in the decline.
Step 3
Exam Tip
नदी का मार्ग बदलने से जल आपूर्ति खेती और बस्तियों पर प्रभाव पड़ सकता था। यह पतन के संभावित कारणों में से एक है।
B. लिपि अपठित है और साक्ष्य की अनेक व्याख्याएं संभव हैं/The script is undeciphered and evidence allows multiple interpretations
Step 1
Concept
The Harappan script is unread and material evidence does not always have a single meaning. Conclusions must therefore be evidence-based and cautious.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. लिपि अपठित है और साक्ष्य की अनेक व्याख्याएं संभव हैं / The script is undeciphered and evidence allows multiple interpretations. The Harappan script is unread and material evidence does not always have a single meaning. Conclusions must therefore be evidence-based and cautious.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा लिपि पढ़ी नहीं गई है और भौतिक साक्ष्य हमेशा एक ही अर्थ नहीं बताते। इसलिए निष्कर्ष प्रमाण आधारित और सावधान होने चाहिए।
