Hardware vs. Software basics.

Correct answer: A. A device can transfer some data to memory while keeping CPU less busy

Direct memory access can help fast data transfer between hardware and memory. For exams connect it with performance.

Correct answer: A. In polling system repeatedly checks and in interrupt device asks for attention

Polling and interrupt are methods of input output management. For exams connect event response with interrupt.

Correct answer: A. Control and communication of a specific hardware device

A device controller can be a hardware part that helps operate a device. For exams distinguish controller and driver.

Correct answer: A. Operating system

A driver helps the operating system communicate with the hardware controller. For exams place driver on the software side.

Correct answer: A. To temporarily hold data between devices of different speeds

A buffer helps manage data between fast and slow components. For exams understand it as temporary holding.

Correct answer: A. To temporarily hold data sent to printer

A print buffer manages data according to printer speed. For exams remember the role of spooler and buffer in printing.

Correct answer: A. Cache gives frequent data fast and buffer handles temporary transfer

The direct answer is option A. Cache and buffer are both temporary memory areas, but they solve different problems. A cache keeps copies of data that is likely to be used again, so the processor or program can obtain frequently needed data faster. A buffer temporarily holds data while it moves between devices or processes that work at different speeds. For example, a printer buffer can hold a document while the printer prints it. Thus option A correctly states that cache speeds repeated access and buffer manages temporary transfer. Option B is wrong because a cache and a buffer are not a printer and a monitor; those are output hardware devices. Option C is nonsensical: neither term means a chair. Option D is also unrelated because neither term means a pen-drive colour. The difference is based on purpose, not on physical colour or a particular device. Cache focuses on faster reuse; buffer focuses on smooth movement and temporary waiting during transfer. Memory cue: cache means “use again quickly”; buffer means “hold while moving.”

Correct answer: A. Management of CPU and memory addresses

Memory management unit helps with addresses and memory access. For exams connect it with hardware and operating system relation.

Correct answer: A. Logical memory address used by a program

Virtual address makes memory simpler from a program view. For exams keep real and logical addresses separate.

Correct answer: A. To manage memory in small logical parts

Paging is a memory management technique of an operating system. For exams connect it with RAM and virtual memory.

Correct answer: A. Temporarily keeping some data on storage when RAM is low

Swapping can use storage as support when RAM is low. For exams understand it as a technique that can affect performance.

Correct answer: A. Storage is slower than RAM

Repeated dependence on storage can reduce speed. For exams remember the relation between low RAM and swapping.

Correct answer: A. To provide recently used file information quickly

A cache is a faster temporary storage area that keeps copies of data likely to be requested again. A file cache can retain recently accessed file contents or metadata, allowing the system to serve a repeated request from the cache instead of retrieving everything from slower storage or another location. This reduces access time and can improve perceived performance, although the cache has limited capacity and may become invalid when the original file changes. It does not add physical weight, fold a monitor, or require liquid for a keyboard. Therefore option A states the main benefit correctly.

Correct answer: A. Organizing storage read and write requests

Disk scheduling can help improve storage performance. For exams connect it with operating system management work.

Correct answer: A. To order and make device requests efficient

Input output scheduling manages device work more efficiently. For exams connect it with system software management.

Correct answer: A. Using a device like a file in some systems

Device file lets software talk to hardware in a standard way. For exams treat it as a system interface concept.

Correct answer: A. Attaching storage or file system for use

After mounting the system can access files on storage. For exams do not treat mount only as physical fixing.

Correct answer: A. To safely stop file operations before removing storage

Unmounting can reduce risk of data loss. For exams connect it with safely removing a pen drive.

Correct answer: A. Connecting or removing a device while system is running

Some hardware can be connected while the system is running. For exams use USB devices as simple examples.

Correct answer: A. One relates to detection and setup and the other to connecting on running system

Plug and Play makes device detection easier and hot plugging relates to connection while running. For exams keep both terms separate.

Correct answer: A. Communication path carrying data between components

Bus architecture describes communication paths between hardware components. For exams connect it with data communication.

Correct answer: A. Managing communication between CPU memory and devices

Chipset helps communication among many hardware components. For exams understand motherboard as a connection center not only a board.

Correct answer: A. Graphics processing unit is hardware and display driver is software

Graphics processing unit does visual processing and driver runs it with the system. For exams identify hardware and control software pair.

Correct answer: A. It can do some visual calculations faster than CPU

Graphics processing unit is special hardware for visual tasks. For exams understand performance improvement through special hardware.

Correct answer: A. Problems in video or screen display

An outdated graphics driver can affect display or video performance. For exams connect driver update with performance and compatibility.