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SubjectsEconomics
समग्र मांग और उसके घटक
In Class 12 Economics, this topic explains aggregate demand as the total planned expenditure on goods and services in an economy at a given income level. Students study its main components—consumption expenditure, investment, government expenditure and net exports—and understand how they combine as AD = C + I + G + (X − M). The topic connects changes in these components with equilibrium income, output and employment under the chapter Determination of Income and Employment.
TOPIC PRACTICE
Up to 5 questions from this page. Select your focus, then start.
Saving is a leakage from current expenditure, while investment is an injection. If households save more but firms do not increase investment, planned spending may fall below the output level. Inventories can rise, leading firms to reduce production, employment, and incomes. Through the multiplier process, the initial decline in spending can produce a larger fall in equilibrium income.
Option A is correct because when an economy is already operating close to its productive capacity, firms have limited scope to increase real output. An increase in aggregate demand then creates excess pressure on available goods, labour, and resources. Prices and wages may rise faster, increasing inflation risk. When substantial unused capacity exists, higher demand can raise output and employment first.
Aggregate demand represents planned spending in the whole economy, while aggregate supply represents the economy’s total production capacity or output. If demand is greater or smaller than supply, firms may change production and employment, and prices may rise or fall. Thus, the imbalance can influence output, employment and the general price level, making option C correct.
Aggregate demand is the total planned expenditure on final goods and services in an economy during a period. Depending on the model, it includes consumption, investment, government expenditure and net exports. Demand by one consumer for one product is an individual or microeconomic demand curve, not aggregate demand. Hence, option C is the incorrect interpretation.
Aggregate demand affects output and employment, but the final macroeconomic result also depends on aggregate supply. Productive capacity, input costs, technology, labour availability, and the existing price level influence how far output can expand. Effective policy therefore considers demand and supply together.
QUIZ COMPLETE
