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Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections
प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य की आवश्यकता और यौन संचारित संक्रमणों की रोकथाम
This Class 12 Biology topic from Chapter 3, Reproductive Health, explains why reproductive health is important for physical, emotional and social well-being. Students learn about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their common modes of transmission, possible effects, and the value of timely medical advice, testing and treatment. The topic also introduces preventive measures such as safe and responsible sexual practices, personal hygiene, awareness, and avoiding stigma, helping students make informed decisions and protect their own and others’ health.
TOPIC PRACTICE
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Use condoms correctly and consistently; another contraceptive method may be added for extra pregnancy protection when appropriate, because condoms reduce the transmission risk of many STIs.
Use only oral contraceptive pills, because they protect against pregnancy as well as most STIs.
Avoiding fertile days and using withdrawal are sufficient, so no barrier method is needed.
Taking antibiotics after unprotected intercourse prevents all STIs.
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Gender discrimination can affect access to health services, rights, and the sex ratio.
It controls only the functions of the digestive system.
It is responsible for forming the sperm tail.
It is the process of removing the placenta after childbirth.
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It can reduce the risk of infection spreading to the upper reproductive tract, pelvic inflammatory disease, and scarring of the fallopian tubes.
It completely and immediately reverses pre-existing fallopian-tube blockage in every case.
It provides permanent immunity against all future reproductive tract infections.
It prevents pregnancy by permanently suppressing ovulation.
Hard · Level 1View options
Guiding informed decisions and providing emotional support
Promoting the spread of sexually transmitted infections
Encouraging sex-selective practices
Increasing unsafe sexual behaviour
Hard · Level 1View options
Because they concern safe pregnancy, childbirth, postnatal care, and the health of newborns and children
Because they deal only with treating infectious diseases in adults
Because they manage only a family's income and expenditure
Because they concern only the sports activities of adolescents
Hard · Level 1View options
Confidential counselling, scientifically accurate education, guidance for responsible behaviour, and measures to reduce stigma and discrimination
Increasing only the number of STI-testing facilities
Promoting only the benefits of a small family
Focusing only on treating reproductive tract infections
Hard · Level 1View options
Health-service availability per person may decline, increasing waiting times and pressure on resources
Health-service availability per person will remain the same because the infrastructure has increased somewhat
The total demand for treatment, immunisation, and maternal-child care will decrease
Only specialised hospital services will be affected; primary care and maternity services will remain unaffected
Hard · Level 1View options
HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact
HIV is transmitted only genetically from parents to offspring
HIV spreads through contaminated food and water
HIV spreads through mosquito bites
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Some pathogens may remain even when symptoms lessen, so the infection may persist or spread; in some bacterial STIs, incomplete treatment may also increase the risk of treatment failure or resistance
Improvement of symptoms proves that all pathogens have been eliminated and no further treatment is needed
Stopping treatment midway automatically prevents reinfection, so partner treatment and safer sexual practices are unnecessary
After treatment is stopped midway, all STIs can certainly be cured later with a single dose of the same medicine
Hard · Level 1View options
To promote safe and responsible decisions based on scientific information.
To promote unsafe behaviour.
To limit access to essential health services.
To promote sex-selection practices.
Question 1HardLevel 1
An adolescent couple seeks advice to reduce the risks of both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Which counselling message is scientifically most appropriate?
Correct answer: A
Correct and consistent condom use reduces the risk of pregnancy and lowers transmission risk for many STIs. Another suitable contraceptive method can provide additional pregnancy protection. Oral contraceptive pills do not protect against STIs, and antibiotics do not prevent all STIs or justify self-medication.
Why is gender equality considered important in reproductive health?
Correct answer: A
Gender equality promotes equal access to reproductive-health information, services, and decision-making rights. Gender discrimination can contribute to unequal healthcare and opportunities and may support practices that produce an imbalanced sex ratio. The other options describe unrelated biological processes.
How can early diagnosis and treatment of a reproductive tract infection reduce the risk of infertility?
Correct answer: A
Some untreated reproductive tract infections can spread upward and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. Inflammation and tissue damage may scar or block the fallopian tubes, increasing infertility risk. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment reduce these complications, but cannot guarantee reversal of existing damage or immunity from future infections.
What is the most appropriate importance of counselling in reproductive health?
Correct answer: A
Reproductive-health counselling provides reliable information about contraception, family planning, infection prevention, and available health services. It also supports voluntary, informed decisions and emotional well-being. Its purpose is to promote safer and more responsible health-related behaviour.
Why are maternal and child health services considered part of reproductive health?
Correct answer: A
Reproductive health is not limited to fertility or contraception. It includes care before and during pregnancy, safe childbirth, postnatal services, and the health of newborns and children. Therefore, maternal and child health services are an essential part of comprehensive reproductive health.
An adolescent health programme provides STI testing and treatment as well as contraceptive services, but it does not address myths, stigma, responsible behaviour, or counselling. Which additional provision would best make the programme consistent with the comprehensive concept of reproductive health?
Correct answer: A
Comprehensive reproductive health includes more than testing, treatment, and contraception. It also requires accurate information, counselling, responsible decision-making, and protection from stigma and discrimination. Option A addresses these physical, emotional, behavioural, and social dimensions together, whereas the other options are limited in scope.
If the population served by a district increases by 20%, but its health infrastructure—such as hospital beds, healthcare workers, and primary health centres—increases by only 5%, what is the most likely outcome?
Correct answer: A
When the population grows faster than health infrastructure, the number of beds, healthcare workers, and primary-care services available per person may fall. This can cause overcrowding, longer waiting times, and greater pressure on limited resources. Infrastructure must grow sufficiently in proportion to the population, not merely increase by some amount.
What is the main reason AIDS is included in the reproductive health chapter?
Correct answer: A
AIDS is a disease condition caused by advanced HIV infection. HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, so awareness, prevention of sexually transmitted infections, and safer sexual practices are important parts of reproductive health education. HIV is not spread through food, water, casual contact, or mosquito bites.
Why can stopping treatment for a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as soon as symptoms improve be harmful?
Correct answer: A
A reduction in symptoms does not always mean that the infection has been eliminated. If treatment is stopped early, pathogens may survive, allowing the infection to persist, recur, or spread to another person. In some bacterial STIs, incomplete or inappropriate treatment can also increase the risk of treatment failure and antimicrobial resistance. Treatment should be changed or stopped only as directed by a qualified healthcare professional.
Why is removing misconceptions necessary in reproductive health programmes?
Correct answer: A
Misconceptions about reproduction, contraception, sexually transmitted infections, and health services can cause fear, stigma, and harmful decisions. Correcting them helps people use scientific information to make safe and responsible choices and seek appropriate care. Reproductive health programmes aim to improve knowledge, prevention, and access to services.
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