Biology
Plant Growth and Development
पादप वृद्धि एवं विकास
This Class 11 Biology chapter explains how plants grow from seeds into mature organisms and how their form and functions change over time. Students explore phases of growth, meristems, growth rates, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, along with the roles of plant growth regulators such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid. It also introduces seed dormancy, germination, photoperiodism and vernalisation.
1Seed germination
बीज अंकुरण
In Class 11 Biology, the topic Seed Germination explains how a dormant seed resumes growth and develops into a seedling within the chapter Plant Growth and Development. Students learn about water absorption or imbibition, activation of enzymes, respiration, and the use of stored food in the endosperm or cotyledons. The topic also covers the emergence of the radicle and plumule, the roles of suitable water, oxygen, and temperature, and the differences between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
0 questionsPlant growth regulators
पादप वृद्धि नियामक
In Class 11 Biology, this topic from Plant Growth and Development explains how plant hormones, or growth regulators, control and coordinate key processes in plants. Students learn the roles of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid in cell division, elongation, seed germination, flowering, fruit ripening, dormancy and responses to stress. The topic also connects these regulators with practical uses such as rooting, tissue culture and controlled ripening.
0 questionsPhotoperiodism
प्रकाशकालिता
Photoperiodism is the study of how plants respond to the relative duration of light and darkness in a day, especially during flowering. In this Class 11 Biology topic from Plant Growth and Development, students learn about short-day, long-day, and day-neutral plants, along with the role of photoperiod and related plant responses. The concept helps explain how seasonal changes influence flowering, growth patterns, and plant development.
0 questionsVernalization
वर्नलीकरण (वसन्तीकरण)
Vernalization is the process by which exposure to a suitable period of low temperature promotes or enables flowering in certain plants. In Class 11 Biology, under Plant Growth and Development, students learn how this response affects winter annuals and biennial plants, why temperature can influence the transition from vegetative growth to reproduction, and how vernalization differs from photoperiodism. The topic also highlights its importance in plant development and agricultural practices.
0 questions