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In Class 11 Political Science, this topic from Part 2: Political Theory explores the meaning and importance of justice in public life. Students examine equality, fair treatment, recognition of different needs, and the just distribution of rights, opportunities, and resources. They consider how societies can balance individual freedom with social responsibilities, understand the idea of a just society, and apply these concepts to issues of discrimination, poverty, and unequal access.
Practice questions
01 If special assistance exists for weaker groups but its criteria are unclear, what is the deepest justice-related problem?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. The policy may become arbitrary and unreliable
Explanation: Step 1: Special assistance is just only when its basis is clear. Step 2: Unclear criteria can increase bias and distrust. Step 3: In exams, connect special assistance with criteria and transparency.
02 Why does a person think apart from knowledge of class and ability in Rawls's veil of ignorance?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. So that one can choose fair rules instead of personal advantage
Explanation: Step 1: If people know their own position, they may choose rules for personal benefit. Step 2: The veil of ignorance encourages rules safe for everyone. Step 3: In Rawls questions, treat impartiality as the key clue.
03 If the same law has very unequal effects on different groups, what analysis is necessary from the perspective of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Analysis of the real impact of law
Explanation: Step 1: Justice is not limited to laws written in equal words. Step 2: It also matters how strongly a law affects different people. Step 3: In difficult questions, always check impact and outcome.
04 In which situation can merit-based selection also appear unjust?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When preparation opportunities were highly unequal
Explanation: Step 1: Merit is a strong basis only when opportunities are reasonably fair. Step 2: Very unequal preparation can produce unequal performance. Step 3: Do not discuss merit separately from opportunity.
05 Why is it necessary to connect dignity with resources in social justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because lack of resources can make dignified life difficult
Explanation: Step 1: Dignity does not mean respectful words only. Step 2: Education, health, food, and safe living conditions strengthen dignity. Step 3: In social justice, write respect and living conditions together.
06 If an institution hears complaints but harms the complainant, which aspect of justice is violated?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Safe hearing and accountability
Explanation: Step 1: A complaint system exists to bring injustice forward. Step 2: Harming the complainant creates fear and weakens justice. Step 3: In complaint-related questions, check safety and accountability.
07 If a policy benefits influential people in the name of helping the weak, what is the main justice problem?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Difference between stated aim and real beneficiaries
Explanation: Step 1: A policy should not be judged just by its name. Step 2: It is necessary to see who actually receives the benefit. Step 3: In policy analysis, check both aim and beneficiaries.
08 Why is equality in Aristotle's idea of justice not mechanical sameness?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because appropriate difference is accepted in equal and unequal situations
Explanation: Step 1: Aristotle connects justice with proportion and appropriate treatment. Step 2: Similar cases need similar treatment and different cases may need justified difference. Step 3: In Aristotle questions, remember proportion.
09 If a life-saving facility is limited, which basis will be strongest for a just decision?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Medical need and clear criteria
Explanation: Step 1: In life-saving facilities, seriousness of need is central. Step 2: Clear criteria prevent arbitrariness and bias. Step 3: In crisis-based questions, write both need and rules.
10 When does the claim of equal opportunity become weak?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When information and resources are limited to only some people
Explanation: Step 1: Opportunity requires both information and resources. Step 2: If only some people receive them, others are left behind. Step 3: In equal opportunity, check information, access, and resources.
11 Which question does Rawls's difference principle try to answer?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Which inequality benefits the least advantaged too
Explanation: Step 1: Rawls does not accept inequality without limits. Step 2: He asks whether an inequality improves the condition of the least advantaged. Step 3: In the difference principle, focus on the least advantaged.
12 If a punishment is far harsher than the offence, which test of justice fails?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Proportionality
Explanation: Step 1: Just punishment is linked with the seriousness of the offence. Step 2: Excessively harsh punishment breaks balance. Step 3: In punishment questions, check both proportion and procedure.
13 In which situation can charity not replace justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When help depends on personal will but rights are not secured
Explanation: Step 1: Charity may depend on voluntary feeling. Step 2: Justice is connected with rights and fair arrangements. Step 3: Understand the difference between charity and justice through rights.
14 Which kind of equality is most useful for a deeper understanding of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Equality that also considers real barriers
Explanation: Step 1: Surface equality may hide real difficulties. Step 2: Deeper equality checks whether people can actually reach opportunities. Step 3: Remember the difference between formal and real equality.
15 If following a law maintains order but reduces the dignity of one group, what will justice ask?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Whether order is maintained at the cost of dignity and rights
Explanation: Step 1: Justice is not limited to maintaining order. Step 2: It checks whether rights and dignity are protected. Step 3: Examine law and order together with dignity.
16 If exam rules are equal but some students get the question paper earlier, which principle of justice is violated?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Fair competition
Explanation: Step 1: Equal information is necessary in competition. Step 2: Receiving the paper earlier gives unfair advantage. Step 3: In fair competition, check rules, information, and timing.
17 Why is good intention alone not enough for a just policy?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because outcomes, criteria, and implementation must also be just
Explanation: Step 1: Good intention may be a starting point of policy. Step 2: But justice also requires fair outcomes and procedures. Step 3: In policy questions, check intention, outcome, and implementation together.
18 In which situation do rights and need work together in justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. A homeless family receiving safe shelter and dignified treatment
Explanation: Step 1: Shelter is a real need. Step 2: Dignified treatment is linked with rights and dignity. Step 3: Several bases of justice may work together.
19 If all citizens have the right to vote but some cannot vote due to fear, what deficiency of justice exists?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Lack of real use of the right
Explanation: Step 1: A right is not fulfilled merely by being written. Step 2: Fear can prevent real use of that right. Step 3: Understand rights together with security and freedom.
Correct answer: A. So citizens can understand and examine the basis of decisions
Explanation: Step 1: A just decision should have clear reasons. Step 2: Public reason allows citizens to examine bias or error. Step 3: Connect public reason with transparency and accountability.
21 In which situation can market-based distribution be weak on the test of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When a needy person lacks purchasing power and is excluded from basic service
Explanation: Step 1: The market gives importance to purchasing power. Step 2: Dependence only on ability to pay in basic services can increase exclusion. Step 3: In distributive justice, check need and access.
22 If the punishing institution is itself a party to the dispute, what justice issue arises?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Absence of an impartial decision-maker
Explanation: Step 1: Justice requires the decision-maker to be impartial. Step 2: If the same institution is also a party, risk of bias increases. Step 3: In hearing questions, identify the need for an impartial authority.
23 Which example most clearly shows corrective justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Giving respectful compensation to a person who suffered wrongful punishment
Explanation: Step 1: Corrective justice is linked with repairing wrongful harm. Step 2: Compensation for wrongful punishment repairs both loss and dignity. Step 3: In corrective justice, look for wrong and remedy.
24 If a society wants only equal outcomes and completely rejects personal responsibility, what challenge will arise?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Neglect of contribution and responsibility
Explanation: Step 1: Equality of outcomes is an important social discussion. Step 2: But fully rejecting responsibility may hide the question of contribution. Step 3: Understand justice through a balance of outcome and responsibility.
25 If a very expensive procedure is required to receive a policy benefit, what is the main justice concern?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Real access of poor people being blocked
Explanation: Step 1: A policy benefit matters only when people can receive it. Step 2: An expensive process may exclude needy people. Step 3: In justice, check access along with rights and benefits.
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