Which can be a structural reason for low participation of women in work?

Correct answer: Lack of safe transport and childcare

Direct answer: A, lack of safe transport and childcare. A structural reason is a condition built into systems, services or social arrangements that affects many people, rather than a single woman’s personal choice. If transport is unsafe or childcare is unavailable, travelling to work and managing family responsibilities become difficult. These barriers can reduce women’s ability to enter, remain in or return to paid work. Option A is correct because it identifies two practical institutional barriers. Option B is wrong because more opportunities generally support participation rather than explain its reduction. Option C is wrong because equal pay is a measure of fairness and may encourage participation; it is not a barrier in this wording. Option D is wrong because training for all expands skills and access. The question asks for a structural cause, so look for missing facilities, unequal rules or social arrangements, not an individual defect. Exam cue: unsafe mobility and unpaid care responsibilities are common structural barriers to women’s employment.