Early Humans: How Do We Know?

Correct answer: A. Because newer layers settle above over time

The principle of stratigraphy states that, in an undisturbed sequence, deposits formed earlier generally lie below deposits formed later. Soil, construction debris, waste, and flood deposits can accumulate over time, placing newer material above older material. This is a general rule, not an absolute one: digging, erosion, burrowing, or later construction may disturb layers, so archaeologists examine context carefully rather than relying on depth alone.

Correct answer: A. Organic remains

Radiocarbon dating measures the decay of radioactive carbon in once-living material, such as charcoal, wood, seeds, plant remains, and some bones. It is therefore primarily useful for organic remains and has a limited dating range and possible contamination issues. Stone walls, iron swords, and gold coins are not directly dated by radiocarbon in the same way; other scientific or contextual methods may be needed for them.

Correct answer: A. Cultural changes

Pottery styles can change in shape, fabric, surface treatment, colour, firing technique, and decoration. Comparing these features across layers and settlements helps historians identify technological developments, exchange networks, cultural contact, changing habits, and broad chronological phases. Pottery cannot by itself explain every aspect of society, but it is useful evidence for cultural and technological change. It does not directly measure sea depth or paper prices.