Distribution of temperature and inversion of temperature

Correct answer: C. Absorption of ultraviolet energy by ozone

The correct answer is C. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet energy from sunlight and converts it into heat. As a result, temperature generally rises with altitude through much of the stratosphere, unlike in the troposphere, where it usually falls with height. This temperature pattern is called an inversion-like condition.

Correct answer: B. Vertical mixing and washout are limited

The correct answer is B. A thermally stable layer resists vertical air movement, so convection and mixing are weak. Pollutants are then less likely to disperse into a larger volume of air. Rain can remove some pollutants, but stable conditions do not mean that heavy rain is present; washout may therefore be limited as well.

Correct answer: A. Temperature generally decreases with altitude

Even at same latitude altitude can lower temperature. In exams always check altitude in same latitude questions.

Correct answer: B. When maritime influence moderates temperature

Sea heats and cools slowly so coastal temperature remains more balanced. In exams link low annual range with maritime influence.

Correct answer: C. Temperature gradient is steep

Closely spaced isotherms show large temperature change over short distance. In exams identify temperature gradient from isotherm spacing.

Correct answer: D. Temperature gradient is gentle

Widely spaced isotherms show that temperature changes gradually. In exams wider spacing means gentle gradient.

Correct answer: A. Low solar energy in winter and lack of maritime influence

In winter land cools quickly and maritime control is weak. In exams link January coldness with continentality.

Correct answer: B. Because land heats quickly and maritime influence is weak

Land heats faster than water so inland areas can be hotter. In exams link July heating with continentality.

Correct answer: C. Toward equator showing cooling effect

Cold currents cool coastal areas and affect isotherms. In exams understand deflection of isotherms by currents.

Correct answer: A. The coast may become relatively warmer

A warm current brings heat from the sea and can raise coastal temperature. In exams link warm current with isotherm changes.

Correct answer: B. Because the sea moderates coastal temperature

Despite same latitude distance from sea changes temperature range. In exams check continentality along with latitude.

Correct answer: C. Cold air below and relatively warm air above

In inversion normal lapse is reversed and lower air remains cold. Remember cold below warm above in exams.

Correct answer: A. Surface cools by radiation and cools nearby air

On a clear night longwave energy escapes and calm air reduces mixing. Remember two conditions of radiation inversion in exams.

Correct answer: B. Cold dense air collects on valley floor

At night cold air drains down slopes and collects on valley floor. Study frost and valley inversion together in exams.

Correct answer: A. Warm layer above prevents vertical mixing

Inversion makes the atmosphere stable and pollutants do not disperse upward. In exams link inversion with air quality.

Correct answer: B. Surface warming and air mixing after sunrise

Solar heating warms the lower cold layer and increases mixing. In exams link inversion breakup with morning heating.

Correct answer: A. Urban surfaces store daytime heat and release it at night

Concrete and asphalt store heat and reduce night cooling. In exams link urban heat with surface materials.

Correct answer: A. Temperature may rise due to reduced shade and transpiration

When forest is removed the surface can receive more solar energy and cooling decreases. In exams link land cover with temperature.

Correct answer: B. Their albedo is different

Snow reflects more while black road absorbs more. In exams link albedo with surface temperature.

Correct answer: A. They can reduce solar energy by day and trap heat at night

Clouds affect both shortwave and longwave energy. In exams understand day and night effects separately.

Correct answer: C. Low moisture low clouds and strong radiational cooling

In deserts surface heats by day and loses heat quickly at night. In exams link desert with high daily range.

Correct answer: A. It is receiving more solar energy

The direct answer is A: the south-facing slope is receiving more solar energy. Slope aspect means the direction toward which a slope faces. In the Northern Hemisphere, including India, a south-facing slope generally receives more direct sunlight during the year because the Sun is usually toward the southern part of the sky. More incoming radiation can produce stronger heating, so that slope may be warmer than a north-facing slope at the same elevation. Option A gives the relevant physical reason. Option B is wrong because a mountain slope is not under the sea. Option C is wrong because air is present on a slope; absence of air is not the cause. Option D is wrong because temperature inversion may still occur in suitable local conditions, and its possibility does not explain the extra solar heating. Clouds, season, slope angle and time of day can modify the result, but A is the best answer. Memory cue: aspect controls sunlight; in India, south-facing often means warmer.

Correct answer: B. Humid coastal area and cloud cover

Humidity maritime influence and clouds reduce day night temperature difference. In exams look for moisture and sea for low daily range.

Correct answer: A. Effect of ocean currents or maritime influence

Currents and maritime influence modify temperature distribution near coasts. In exams study isotherm bending with causes.

Correct answer: A. Temperature difference between land and sea is larger there

The Northern Hemisphere has more land and land cools quickly in winter. In exams link land water contrast with isotherms.