Endogenic and exogenic forces

Wind transports sand and deposits it at suitable places forming dunes. For exams connect dunes with wind deposition.

Joints hardness and minerals in rocks affect the rate of weathering. For exams remember rock nature along with climate.

Weathering and erosion gradually cut sharp mountain forms. For exams consider old mountains more eroded.

Uplift can increase slope and raise the river's erosive power. For exams understand the relation between endogenic uplift and exogenic erosion.

Solar energy powers external processes by influencing climate winds and the water cycle. For exams also consider gravity as a supporting force.

In mass movement material moves downslope directly due to gravity. For exams identify gravity as its main force.

Soil formation involves weathering of rocks and contribution of organic matter. For exams connect it with exogenic processes.

Endogenic forces create landforms and exogenic forces modify them by erosion or deposition. For exams remember their interaction.

Denudation lowers land through external actions like weathering erosion and mass movement. For exams connect it with lowering of landforms.

A delta forms from sediments deposited by a river. For exams remember delta as an example of fluvial deposition.

Tensional forces can pull the crust apart and form faults and rift valleys. For exams connect rift valley with tension and faulting.

Landforms develop through continuous internal construction and external modification. For exams understand it as a continuous dynamic process.

Tree roots can grow into rock cracks and widen them. For exams treat the effect of organisms as biological weathering.

Weathering breaks or weakens rocks and erosion removes and carries material. For exams treat these as related sequential processes.

Large temperature difference causes repeated expansion and contraction in rocks. For exams connect desert regions with this example.

Direct answer: Option A, aggradation. Aggradation is the building up of the land surface when sediments are deposited, especially in low-lying areas, valleys, floodplains and basins. Rivers may carry sand, silt and clay and then leave them where their speed decreases. This gradually fills low places. Option A is correct because it specifically describes accumulation and raising or filling of the surface. Option B, orogeny, is mountain building caused mainly by crustal compression and tectonic movement. Option C, faulting, is the breaking and displacement of crustal blocks along a fracture. Option D, volcanism, includes the movement and eruption of magma; it is not the general process of depositing ordinary sediments in low areas. The contrast is useful: aggradation adds material, while degradation removes and lowers material. Memory cue: aggradation = accumulation and heightening.

In volcanism magma gases and material from inside Earth move toward the surface. For exams remember it as an endogenic process.

In mass wasting material moves downslope due to gravity. For exams remember slope and gravity together.

Endogenic forces help form mountains plateaus and new landforms. For exams treat them as relief-building forces.

Exogenic forces modify and reduce landforms through weathering erosion and deposition. For exams also understand them as denudational forces.

Hard rocks with few joints allow less entry of external agents. For exams treat joints as important pathways for weathering.

In plains rivers form bends and erode banks increasing lateral erosion. For exams connect it with mature river stage.

Exogenic processes occur on Earth's surface through external agents. For exams consider processes inside Earth as endogenic.

A volcanic cone forms by an endogenic process and rain or streams modify it by exogenic erosion. For exams treat such examples as interaction.

Endogenic forces create relief while exogenic forces erode it toward balance. For exams remember the relation between construction and leveling.