Geography as an integrating discipline

Correct answer: A. A driver is an underlying social cause while a pressure is its direct environmental effect

A driver is a broad underlying factor such as population change, consumption, policy, technology or market demand. It can produce a more immediate pressure, such as mining, land conversion, water withdrawal or emissions, which directly changes environmental conditions. The categories can interact and a natural event can also act as a driver, but pressure is not always natural and the terms are not identical. Thus A is correct.

Correct answer: B. Markets, policies, technology and unequal access also influence land use

Population growth can increase demand for food, fuel or settlement, but its environmental effect depends on how land is governed and used. Markets may encourage cash crops, policies may subsidise irrigation, technology may change yields, and unequal access may force some groups onto fragile land. Consumption levels and property institutions also matter. Therefore a single population explanation is incomplete, making B correct.