Chemistry

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes

In Class 11 Chemistry, this topic explains how reversible physical and chemical processes reach dynamic equilibrium, where opposing changes continue at equal rates. Students examine phase changes such as evaporation and condensation, dissolution and crystallisation, and relate them to physical equilibrium. They also learn how reactant and product concentrations remain constant at chemical equilibrium, how equilibrium is represented, and how changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature disturb and shift the system. These ideas provide a foundation for understanding equilibrium constants and later acid–base applications in the Equilibrium chapter.