Sexual reproduction

Correct answer: A. Because genetic material comes from two parents

The governing concept is genetic variation in sexual reproduction. During this process, genetic material from two parents is combined, and the formation of gametes and their fusion create new combinations of genes. These combinations make offspring different from one another and from either parent, although inheritance still follows biological rules. Therefore option A is correct. The other options are false because sexual reproduction requires parents, does not produce identical offspring, and does not eliminate chromosomes.

Correct answer: A. Because genetic information from two parents combines

The governing concept is genetic recombination in sexual reproduction. Each parent contributes a set of genes through a gamete, and fertilisation combines genetic material from two individuals. Meiosis and the random union of gametes create new combinations of alleles, so offspring are not genetically identical to either parent or usually to one another. Therefore option A is correct; the other statements describe or imply asexual reproduction incorrectly.

Correct answer: A. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

In pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower. Therefore, option A is correct. Fusion of male and female gametes is fertilisation, not pollination, and seed formation occurs after fertilisation. Exam tip: pollination means anther to stigma; fertilisation means fusion of gametes.

Correct answer: A. Sperm

The sperm is the male gamete, or male reproductive cell, in humans. It carries genetic material from the father and fuses with the female gamete, the ovum, during fertilisation. This fusion produces a zygote, which later develops through successive stages into an embryo. Therefore, the ovum is the female gamete, while zygote and embryo are developmental stages or products after fertilisation. Option A is correct.

Correct answer: A. Ovum

The ovum is the female gamete, or reproductive cell, in humans. It is produced in the ovaries and fuses with a sperm during fertilisation to form a zygote. A sperm is the male gamete, whereas a zygote is formed after fertilisation. Exam tip: Remember—ovum is the female gamete and sperm is the male gamete.