Revolutions of the World

The Bill of Rights 1689 was linked with parliamentary rights in England. For exams connect it with the result of the Glorious Revolution.

Political dissatisfaction and religious leadership were important in the Iranian Revolution. For exams study the Shah's rule and 1979 together.

The direct answer is D: Ayatollah Khomeini. The Iranian Revolution of 1978–79 overthrew the monarchy of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and led to the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the central religious and political leader of this revolution and became Iran’s Supreme Leader after it succeeded. Option D is correct because Khomeini is directly connected with the Iranian Revolution and the new Islamic Republic. Option A, George Washington, was the leader of the American Revolution and became the first president of the United States, not the leader of Iran. Option B, Sun Yat-sen, was a major leader of the Chinese Revolution and helped end the Qing dynasty. Option C, Toussaint Louverture, was associated with the Haitian Revolution and the struggle against slavery. Thus, the names belong to different revolutions. A useful exam cue is: Iranian Revolution means Khomeini; Haitian Revolution means Toussaint; Chinese Revolution means Sun Yat-sen; American Revolution means Washington.

Arab Spring is linked with events of the early twenty-first century. For exams connect it with modern mass movements.

Color revolutions have been linked with political protest and mass movements in several countries. For exams connect the term with modern political movements.

The direct answer is B, Georgia. The Rose Revolution was a largely peaceful political movement in Georgia in 2003. Its name came from roses used as a symbol of peaceful protest and change. Option A, France, is wrong because the Rose Revolution was not the name of a French political movement. Option B is correct because Georgia is the country associated with this colour revolution. Option C, Cuba, is wrong; Cuba has its own revolutionary history, but the Rose Revolution is not identified with it. Option D, Haiti, is also wrong; Haiti experienced important political events, but not the Rose Revolution named in this question. The reasoning is based on matching the special name “Rose Revolution” with Georgia and the early twenty-first-century protest movement there. Memory cue: Rose Revolution—Georgia; Orange Revolution—Ukraine is a useful separate association, but do not mix the countries.

The Orange Revolution was a major political movement in Ukraine. It became widely known because many people used the colour orange as a symbol during protests connected with the 2004 presidential election. The movement expressed demands for a fair election process and democratic rights. Therefore, the correct choice is Ukraine, option C. The other countries listed do not identify this particular historical event. Remember that the name refers to the orange colour used by the movement, not to an agricultural or geographical change.

To solve this question, match the distinctive name of the revolution with its country. The Orange Revolution belongs to the history of independent Ukraine and occurred in the early twenty-first century. Japan, Mexico and England have important histories, but none of them is associated with this event. Thus, option C follows directly from the historical connection between the movement and Ukraine. This is different from the Rose Revolution, which is associated with Georgia, so remembering the colour-country pair is useful.

The People Power Revolution was linked with a large popular movement. For exams understand people's power from the name itself.

The People Power Revolution, also called the EDSA Revolution, was a large public movement in the Philippines in 1986. Millions of people gathered to oppose the authoritarian rule of Ferdinand Marcos and to demand political change. The movement contributed to Marcos leaving office and Corazon Aquino becoming president, so it is linked with a major democratic transition.

Option D, the Philippines, is correct. Russia is associated with the Russian Revolution, France with the French Revolution, and America with the American Revolution, but none of those is called the People Power Revolution. The name “People Power” is therefore best connected with the Philippines and the 1986 EDSA events.

People's movements in Nepal prominently demanded democracy and public rights. For exams connect people's movement with political rights.

A revolution often brings deep change while reform can happen gradually. For exams understand the two terms separately.

In a political revolution power and system of government may change. For exams connect political revolution with state power.

A social revolution can change social order and relations. For exams connect it with social equality and rights.

The Industrial Revolution changed production and economy. For exams remember the Industrial Revolution for economic change.

The French Revolution strengthened ideas of civil rights equality and democracy. For exams remember its ideals.

The American Revolution showed the possibility of independence in colonies. For exams connect it with anti-colonial ideas.

The Russian Revolution linked communist ideas with power through the Bolsheviks. For exams remember 1917 and Lenin.

The Meiji Restoration promoted modern industry army and education reforms in Japan. For exams connect it with Japanese modernization.

Public participation gives revolution a broad social force. For exams connect public support with both cause and success.

Place year and cause create the basic identity of a revolution. For exams make a short profile of every revolution.

After many revolutions new constitutions or systems of government are formed. For exams look at political institutions among results.

The general meaning of revolution is a major change in a system. For exams connect it with political social or economic change.

The French Revolution broadened ideas of rights and citizenship. For exams remember the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

The American Revolution was linked with colonial independence against British monarchy. For exams remember it as a struggle for independence.

In the Russian Revolution demands of workers peasants and soldiers were important. For exams remember the slogan Peace Land and Bread.