Ancient Civilizations

The tombs of Ur indicate wealth and social ranks. For exams treat grave goods as social evidence.

Huge pyramids such as those at Giza were built in the Old Kingdom. For exams connect the Old Kingdom with pyramid building.

Shang bronze vessels show ritual use and metal craftsmanship. For exams connect bronze with Shang culture.

Cylinder seals marked clay to show identity and ownership. For exams connect seals with administration and trade.

In the Middle Kingdom centralized rule became stronger in Egypt. For exams connect it with reorganization and stability.

Mitanni was a power in northern Mesopotamia and Syria. For exams connect it with the Bronze Age of Western Asia.

The Ishtar Gate is linked with Nebuchadnezzar II's Babylonian building works. For exams remember Neo-Babylonian art.

Kalibangan has evidence of a ploughed field. For exams remember it as a clue to agricultural practice.

Akhenaten gave special importance to Aten worship. For exams connect the Amarna period with religious experimentation.

The Maya used zero in calculation and timekeeping. For exams connect the Maya with mathematical achievement.

Jericho is an important site of early settled life. For exams connect it with early urbanization.

Catalhoyuk provides information about Neolithic settlement and houses. For exams connect it with settled life after farming.

The Daric coin was linked with the Persian imperial economy. For exams connect coins with administration and trade.

The Hyksos are linked with the military use of chariots and horses in Egypt. For exams remember Hyksos through technological influence.

Kush and Egypt had trade cultural contact and power struggles. For exams view the Nile Valley as an interconnected region.

Linear B proved to be linked with Mycenaean Greek administration. For exams connect it with the Aegean Bronze Age.

Etruscan culture influenced early Roman art and institutions. For exams remember Italian cultures before Rome.

Ostracism allowed temporary removal of a powerful person. For exams connect it with Athenian political practice.

The Twelve Tables made Roman laws written and public. For exams treat them as a basis of legal development.

Silk was a famous Chinese luxury good that promoted long-distance trade. For exams also connect the Silk Route with cultural exchange.

Polis indicated both a city and its civic community. For exams connect Greece with independent city-states.

Repeated irrigation could deposit salts in soil. For exams understand both benefits and side effects of irrigation.

The Rohri region was linked with sources of chert tools. For exams connect resource zones with craft production.

The Bronze Age collapse is considered multi-causal. For exams do not reduce complex historical events to one cause.

Temples were economic as well as religious institutions. For exams remember the link between religion and economy in ancient society.