Physical Features of India

Antecedent rivers continue cutting their old courses even after mountain uplift. For exams remember deep gorges of Indus and Brahmaputra.

Young fold mountains have steep slopes and higher geological activity. For exams link the Himalayas with earthquakes and landslides.

Glaciers of Himadri feed rivers and those rivers bring alluvial deposits to plains. For exams remember the Himalaya river plain link.

Shiwalik is an outer Himalayan range made of loose deposits so erosion may be high. For exams link Shiwalik with unstable slopes.

Dun valleys are sedimentary valleys formed between Shiwalik and Lesser Himalaya. For exams remember Dehradun as an example.

Bhabar is a porous pebbly belt and in Terai water is near the surface. For exams remember the Bhabar Terai sequence.

In Terai the water table remains near the surface causing moisture and marshes. For exams remember Terai as a moist foothill belt.

In flat plains river speed decreases and winding courses form. For exams link meanders with plains.

Bhangar is linked with older alluvial areas where kankar deposits may occur. For exams remember Bhangar old Khadar new.

Khadar is the new flood belt of rivers where fresh alluvium arrives. For exams remember Khadar as more fertile.

Doab is fertile alluvial land between two rivers. For exams Ganga Yamuna Doab is a major example.

Brahmaputra brings heavy silt and can shift channels which forms river islands. For exams remember Majuli.

Silt deposition at the mouth divides the river into many distributaries. For exams link delta with deposition.

Sundarbans is a mangrove area developed in a tidal saline delta. For exams remember tide salinity and mangroves.

The Peninsular Plateau is a stable landmass made of old hard rocks. For exams remember it as older than the Himalayas.

Narmada Valley between Vindhya and Satpura shows a rift valley route. For exams see this order on a map.

Due to Deccan's eastward slope rivers like Godavari Krishna and Kaveri flow east. For exams study slope and river direction together.

Deccan Trap is step like land made from layers of basaltic lava. For exams link the word trap with step like form.

Black soil swells with moisture and shrinks on drying. For exams remember black soil Deccan and cotton link.

Chotanagpur is an ancient rocky plateau and famous for mineral resources. For exams remember coal and iron ore.