Physical Features of India

Trans Himalaya is linked with areas like Karakoram and Ladakh north of the main Himalaya. For exams keep it separate from Himadri.

Ladakh and Zaskar are linked with northern high mountain and dry regions. For exams do not treat them as coastal or plain landforms.

Himadri is an inner Himalayan range with high peaks and glaciers. For exams remember the Himadri and perennial river source link.

The Himachal range has many valleys and relatively favorable sites. For exams remember examples like Kashmir Kangra and Kullu.

Shiwalik is an outer Himalayan range with loose sedimentary deposits. For exams link it with landslides and erosion.

Antecedent rivers continue cutting their old courses even after mountain uplift. For exams remember deep courses of Indus Sutlej and Brahmaputra.

Dun valleys occur between Shiwalik and Lesser Himalaya. For exams take Dehradun as the standard example.

Bhabar has porous coarse deposits into which water can sink. For exams distinguish Bhabar from Terai.

Water that sinks in Bhabar comes near the surface in Terai creating marshy moisture. For exams remember the Bhabar Terai sequence.

Bhangar is linked with old alluvial deposits and Khadar with new flood soil. For exams do not reverse them.

Kankar is associated with older alluvial Bhangar areas. For exams do not treat kankar as the main identity of Khadar.

A doab is alluvial land between two rivers and can be useful for farming. For exams remember the Ganga Yamuna Doab.

Brahmaputra brings heavy water and silt which can shift channels. For exams remember Assam Valley and Majuli.

Deposition in a delta divides the river into many distributaries. For exams remember the distributary and delta relation.

Sundarbans is a tidal mangrove region of the Ganga Brahmaputra Delta. For exams remember salinity and mangrove clues.

The Peninsular Plateau is an ancient landmass bounded by old ranges and Ghats. For exams observe its map shape.

Deccan slopes eastward so many large peninsular rivers flow into Bay of Bengal. For exams link slope with drainage.

Narmada and Tapi flow westward through rift valleys into Arabian Sea. For exams remember them as peninsular exceptions.

Deccan Trap is step like land formed from layers of basaltic lava. For exams remember the Trap and lava relation.

Black soil swells with moisture and shrinks on drying. For exams link it with cotton and the Deccan region.

The ancient rocky base of Chotanagpur is linked with minerals like coal and iron ore. For exams remember the plateau and mineral relation.

Meghalaya Plateau appears separated from the main plateau by plains. For exams remember Garo Khasi Jaintia hills.

Aravalli is a very ancient mountain range eroded over a long time. For exams remember it as older than the Himalayas.

Narmada Valley between Vindhya and Satpura is linked with a rift valley. For exams identify this sequence on the map.

Moist monsoon winds strike Western Ghats rise upward and cause rainfall. For exams remember orographic rainfall.