Which is the most accurate cause-effect relation for colonial impact on pastoral livelihood?

Correct answer: Pastures declined, herd management became difficult and income became unstable

Under colonial rule, forest laws, agricultural expansion, and the conversion of ‘wasteland’ for cultivation reduced grazing grounds. Traditional routes and seasonal movement were also restricted, making herd grazing difficult and incomes uncertain. Unlike option B, grazing taxes and controls often increased rather than declined. Exam tip: remember the chain: less pasture → restricted movement → unstable livelihood.