What was the relation between labelling pastoralists criminal and recording their movement?

Correct answer: Both made communities suspicious and legitimized state surveillance

The direct answer is A: both policies made pastoral communities appear suspicious and helped justify state surveillance. Colonial officials often described mobile groups as difficult to control. By labelling some pastoralists as criminal, the administration created a reason to watch them, record their names and movements, and restrict their travel. Movement records then made surveillance more organised. Option A is correct because criminalisation and recording worked together as instruments of control. Option B is wrong: neither policy made pastoralists tax-free. Option C is wrong: these measures did not hand forests to communities; they usually reduced community access. Option D is wrong because both were administrative policies. Memory cue: label people, record movement, increase control.