What was the combined effect of reserves and parks on the old Maasai grazing system?

Correct answer: Grazing areas shrank and routes were restricted

The direct answer is A: reserves and parks reduced grazing areas and restricted routes. The old Maasai system depended on seasonal mobility: herders moved livestock according to rainfall, grass and water. Step by step: when land was declared a reserve or conservation area, grazing could be prohibited or allowed only under rules. When colonial boundaries divided territory, familiar routes and seasonal movement became difficult. With less land and fewer routes, herders had fewer choices during dry periods, and pressure on remaining pastures increased. A is correct because it describes the combined effect. B is wrong because grazing did not become completely free. C is wrong because cattle did not become government property. D is wrong because equal fodder was not available everywhere; rainfall and vegetation varied. Exam cue: reserves shrink space, boundaries break mobility.