What created a double pressure on pastoralists' livelihood in the colonial period?

Correct answer: Shortage of pastures and burden of taxes

Colonial forest policies, the expansion of cultivation, and tighter control over land reduced available grazing grounds. At the same time, grazing taxes and other levies increased pastoralists’ expenses. Thus, shrinking resources and a growing financial burden created the double pressure on their livelihood. Unrestricted forest access or tax relief would have eased, not increased, this pressure. Exam tip: remember ‘less pasture + more taxes’ as a key colonial problem for pastoralists.