To whom did French peasants have to pay feudal dues?

To nobles

The governing concept is feudal privilege in the countryside before the French Revolution. French peasants commonly had to pay feudal dues to the nobles who controlled or owned rights over the land. These dues could take the form of money, goods, labour or charges connected with the use of facilities under seigneurial control. Peasants also faced other taxes and obligations, making their economic position difficult. Therefore, option D is correct. City workers and the middle class were not the traditional holders of feudal rights, and foreign kings did not normally receive these local dues. The obligation showed how the nobility retained power over rural producers even when peasants performed most agricultural work. Such burdens contributed to resentment against the old social order.

This is a Class 9 History question. Chapter: The French Revolution. Topic: French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century.