How did the Wasteland Rules affect pastoralists' livelihood?

Correct answer: Pastures declined and fodder for animals decreased

Direct answer: Option B is correct. The Wasteland Rules encouraged colonial authorities to bring land considered “waste” under cultivation and revenue systems. Much of this land was actually common grazing land used by pastoralists. When cultivation expanded, open grazing areas became smaller, and animals had less access to grass and fodder. The reasoning is: wasteland policies promoted cultivation; cultivation occupied former grazing spaces; reduced grazing space meant less fodder; pastoral livelihoods therefore faced pressure. Option B states both connected effects and is correct. Option A is wrong because the rules generally reduced, rather than increased, pastoral access and forest or common-land rights. Option C is wrong because these policies did not abolish grazing taxes; colonial taxation could remain a burden. Option D is wrong because routes were not fully open; regulations and cultivation often restricted movement. The word “fully” makes it especially clearly false. Memory cue: wasteland converted to fields meant less common pasture.