How did colonial rule create a double challenge for the Maasai?

Correct answer: Through both land loss and movement control

Under colonial rule, much Maasai grazing land was taken for settlers, cultivation and wildlife reserves. Their seasonal movement and access to grazing routes were also restricted. Thus, loss of land and control over movement formed the double challenge. Maritime trade and mining were not the central problems of their pastoral life. Exam tip: remember ‘reduced grazing land + restricted mobility’ for the Maasai.