Introduction to ICT and its role in daily life

The governing security concept is least privilege, also called need-to-know access. Each employee receives only the permission required for assigned duties, which limits accidental disclosure, misuse and the effect of a compromised account. Giving everyone full access violates confidentiality; public broadcasting exposes the document, and removing passwords eliminates an important control. Thus restricted access according to need is correct.

The governing concept is privacy by design and data minimisation: an application should request only information and permissions necessary for its stated function. A student should read the purpose, review the developer and privacy policy, deny unrelated contact or location access, and consult a trusted adult if uncertain. Granting everything, sharing a password or disabling security increases exposure and removes safeguards.

The governing concept is inclusive ICT: a communication method should match users’ connectivity, devices, language and access conditions. Low-data messages, printed material, community workers, radio or downloadable offline content can work together and reach people despite weak internet. Long videos, continuous streaming and a large app require stronger connectivity, so they are less suitable. Therefore, option A best balances reach, reliability and accessibility.

The governing idea is responsible and effective ICT use. Technology is valuable not merely because it is fast; it should provide accurate information, protect privacy and security, remain accessible to different users, and support rather than replace appropriate human judgement. Option B removes responsibility, C ignores privacy, and D imposes an unnecessary uniformity. Thus option A gives the most complete condition.

The governing concept is responsible information access. Digital records make relevant medical information available quickly to authorised doctors, while access controls protect patients’ private and sensitive data from unauthorised viewing. Option A correctly identifies both accessibility and privacy. The other choices describe unrelated activities and do not explain why permissions are used in a hospital record system.

The governing concept is ICT as decision support. The weather app supplies forecast information, and the farmer interprets it with the farming situation before choosing to postpone irrigation. The technology informs and improves the decision but does not make the final human choice. Option A describes storage only, B is unrelated, and D incorrectly suggests that technology removes human judgement. Hence option C is correct.

The governing concept is transparency in e-governance. When a citizen can independently check an application’s progress, the process becomes more visible and information becomes easier to access. Therefore, option A is correct. Option B is wrong because online services do not abolish rules; C is wrong because tracking does not guarantee approval; and D is wrong because identity checks may still be required.

The governing concept is account security on shared devices. If the student leaves the email session open, the next user may read messages, send mail, change settings, or misuse personal information. Therefore option C is correct. The risk is reduced by signing out, removing saved credentials, and avoiding password storage on public computers. The other options are unrelated physical or automatic effects.

The governing concept is evaluating both the usefulness and limitations of ICT. Video consultation can save travel time and support preliminary advice, but a serious condition may require physical examination, instruments, or immediate treatment. Hence option D is correct. Options A, B, and C make absolute claims that ignore situations where face-to-face medical care remains necessary.

The governing concept is responsible digital citizenship and information verification. A message’s popularity does not establish its truth, so the reader should compare its claim with official websites, reliable news organisations, or other credible evidence before forwarding it. Option A is correct. Options B and D encourage misinformation, while adding a name in C does not verify either the source or the facts.

The governing concept is that a digital record represents a real-world event or transaction. When the book is issued, its status changes from available to issued; when it is returned, the status can change back to available. Thus option B is correct. The cover colour, wall colour, and student height do not cause a library transaction or logically determine the availability field.

The governing concept is remote access through networked storage. A cloud file can be opened from multiple authorised devices or locations, provided there is suitable internet access and account permission. Therefore option C is correct. Option A describes a limitation, B favours local storage for offline single-device use, and D is unsafe because cloud accounts still require strong security and access control.

The governing concept is safe online behaviour and protection from phishing or fraud. An unusually low price combined with urgent requests for bank information is a warning sign, so the user should verify the website, seller, contact details, and secure connection before proceeding. Option D is correct. A and B expose financial information, while C spreads a potentially harmful offer without checking it.

The governing concept is data processing: raw purchase records are examined, compared, and interpreted to produce useful information. Here, the company does more than collect data; it analyses buying patterns and uses the result to recommend suitable products. Therefore, option C is correct. Option A describes only gathering records, option B is unrelated deletion, and option D is a communication method rather than an analytical process.

The governing concept is safe digital problem-solving. First verify the transaction history, reference number, and account statement so that the apparent duplicate charge is confirmed. Then contact the bank or authorised payment provider through its official, secure channel and retain the evidence. Option D is correct; repeating payment may cause further loss, ignoring the issue leaves it unresolved, and publishing a password creates a security risk.

The governing concept is responsible participation in a shared digital space. Collaboration requires users to respect other contributors, follow agreed permissions, and avoid changing or deleting another person’s work without approval. Thus, option A is correct because the student violates digital etiquette and collaborative responsibility. Device cleaning, file compression, and screen protection are technical or physical actions and do not address unauthorised deletion.

The governing concept is that ICT outputs depend on the quality, accuracy, and freshness of their data. The map may calculate a shortest route correctly from its available information, yet a missing road closure makes that result incomplete for the current situation. Option C is correct. Option A is an unjustified absolute claim, option B gives the map human control, and option D ignores changing conditions.

The governing concept is that communication speed has both benefits and risks. Rapid delivery is valuable when information is verified, such as an emergency alert, but it becomes harmful when an unverified claim is forwarded widely because errors and panic can spread before correction. Option D is correct. The other situations describe useful or safe communication rather than irresponsible amplification of misinformation.

The governing concept is privacy and informed consent in digital data use. Health information is sensitive, so an application should clearly explain why it is collected and obtain appropriate permission before sharing it with another organisation. Option A is correct because secret disclosure removes the user’s control over personal data. Phone size, font colour, and battery type do not address unauthorised data sharing.

The governing concept is the digital divide, meaning unequal access to devices, reliable internet, digital skills, or related services. Because the school requires online submission while some students lack connectivity, those students may face an unfair educational disadvantage. Option C is correct. Information processing is a technical activity, entertainment is not the issue, and file compression changes file size rather than access or opportunity.

The governing concept is layered information management: reliability improves when records are protected from unauthorised changes, recoverable after loss, and traceable over time. Option D combines authorised access, regular backups, and a change log, so it supports security, availability, and accountability. Allowing everyone to edit increases errors, removing filenames harms organisation, and keeping one unsecured copy creates a single point of failure.

The governing concept is source and date verification in ICT-based information use. A reader should compare the article’s publication date with the date when the event actually happened, and should also consider whether later updates are clearly marked. This prevents an old report from being mistaken for current news. Website colour, image size, and advertisement count do not establish when or how reliable the information is, so option A is correct.

The governing concept is responsible digital collaboration. When several people edit one shared file without names, version labels, or a change history, the group cannot reliably determine who added, removed, or corrected content. That weakens accountability and makes errors harder to resolve. File colour, internet availability, and printing are unrelated to identifying contributions, so option B is correct.

The governing concept is responsible and secure use of online ICT services. A secure-connection indicator generally suggests that data sent between the browser and the site is protected during transmission, reducing interception risk. It does not prove every bank policy, permit password sharing, or guarantee that fraud is impossible; the address, domain, and other security practices must also be checked. Therefore A is correct.

The governing concept is that information access and skill development are different stages of learning. The video can provide explanation, but repeated practice is needed to apply instructions, receive feedback, correct mistakes, and build dependable ability. Since the student already accessed the information, the missing element is practice, making option C correct. Audio and internet search may support viewing but cannot replace application.