Which two values should be identified first to establish the full tonal range in pencil shading?

Correct answer: The lightest and darkest values

The lightest and darkest observed values establish the endpoints of the drawing’s tonal range. Once these limits are identified, intermediate tones can be judged by comparison rather than guessed independently, helping the drawing retain convincing contrast. Option A is correct. A midtone and contour do not define both extremes, texture is not a value endpoint, and paper and pencil colours are materials rather than the complete tonal range.