A. वस्तुओं का कुशल निर्माण/Skilled manufacture of objects
Step 1
Concept
Craft production included making beads, seals, pottery and tools. Remember examples of crafts for the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वस्तुओं का कुशल निर्माण / Skilled manufacture of objects. Craft production included making beads, seals, pottery and tools. Remember examples of crafts for the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शिल्प उत्पादन में मनके, मुहरें, बर्तन और औजार जैसी वस्तुएँ बनाई जाती थीं। परीक्षा में शिल्प के उदाहरण याद रखें।
Carnelian was an important semi-precious stone used for Harappan beads. Remember its reddish colour for the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. कार्नेलियन / Carnelian. Carnelian was an important semi-precious stone used for Harappan beads. Remember its reddish colour for the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कार्नेलियन हड़प्पाई मनका निर्माण का एक प्रमुख अर्धमूल्यवान पत्थर था। परीक्षा में इसके लाल रंग को याद रखें।
Fine holes were drilled in beads so that they could be strung. Treat drilling as an essential stage of bead making.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. छेदन / Drilling. Fine holes were drilled in beads so that they could be strung. Treat drilling as an essential stage of bead making.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मनकों में धागा डालने के लिए बारीक छेद किए जाते थे। परीक्षा में इसे मनका निर्माण की आवश्यक अवस्था मानें।
Many Harappan pots were made on a potter's wheel. Link the wheel with pottery production for the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. कुम्हार के चाक पर / On a potter's wheel. Many Harappan pots were made on a potter's wheel. Link the wheel with pottery production for the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अनेक हड़प्पाई बर्तन कुम्हार के चाक पर बनाए जाते थे। परीक्षा में चाक को मृद्भांड निर्माण से जोड़ें।
Black designs were painted on red pottery using geometric and natural motifs. Remember the red and black combination.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. काला / Black. Black designs were painted on red pottery using geometric and natural motifs. Remember the red and black combination.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लाल बर्तनों पर काले रंग से ज्यामितीय और प्राकृतिक आकृतियाँ बनाई जाती थीं। परीक्षा में लाल और काले रंग का मेल याद रखें।
B. कृत्रिम चमकीला पदार्थ/Artificial glazed material
Step 1
Concept
Faience was an artificial glazed material made from sand or crushed stone. Distinguish it from glass in the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. कृत्रिम चमकीला पदार्थ / Artificial glazed material. Faience was an artificial glazed material made from sand or crushed stone. Distinguish it from glass in the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
फैयेंस रेत या पिसे पत्थर से बना चमकीला कृत्रिम पदार्थ था। परीक्षा में इसे काँच से अलग पहचानें।
Faience was used for beads, bangles and small ornaments. Link faience with decorative objects for the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मनके और चूड़ियाँ / Beads and bangles. Faience was used for beads, bangles and small ornaments. Link faience with decorative objects for the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
फैयेंस से मनके, चूड़ियाँ और छोटे आभूषण बनाए जाते थे। परीक्षा में फैयेंस को सजावटी वस्तुओं से जोड़ें।
After shaping, beads were polished to improve their appearance. Remember polishing as a finishing stage.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उन्हें घिसकर चमकाया जाता था / They were polished. After shaping, beads were polished to improve their appearance. Remember polishing as a finishing stage.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मनकों को आकार देने के बाद घिसकर और चमकाकर आकर्षक बनाया जाता था। परीक्षा में पॉलिश को अंतिम चरण मानें।
Heating deepened the red colour of carnelian. Remember the heating process for the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. उन्हें गर्म किया जाता था / They were heated. Heating deepened the red colour of carnelian. Remember the heating process for the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कार्नेलियन को गर्म करने से उसका लाल रंग अधिक गहरा हो जाता था। परीक्षा में ताप प्रक्रिया याद रखें।
C. मिट्टी और धातु को गर्म करने के लिए/To heat clay and metal
Step 1
Concept
Furnaces were used for firing pottery and heating metals. Associate furnaces with high temperatures.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मिट्टी और धातु को गर्म करने के लिए / To heat clay and metal. Furnaces were used for firing pottery and heating metals. Associate furnaces with high temperatures.
Step 3
Exam Tip
भट्ठियों का उपयोग बर्तन पकाने और धातु गर्म करने में होता था। परीक्षा में भट्ठी को उच्च ताप से जोड़ें।
C. समान माप और आकार का प्रयोग/Use of uniform measurements and sizes
Step 1
Concept
Standardisation created uniformity in size and measurement. Treat it as a sign of organised production.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. समान माप और आकार का प्रयोग / Use of uniform measurements and sizes. Standardisation created uniformity in size and measurement. Treat it as a sign of organised production.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मानकीकरण से वस्तुओं के आकार और माप में समानता बनी रहती थी। परीक्षा में इसे संगठित उत्पादन का संकेत मानें।
D. कच्चे माल और अधबनी वस्तुओं से/By raw materials and unfinished objects
Step 1
Concept
Raw materials, unfinished objects and waste indicate a workshop. Remember production debris as evidence.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. कच्चे माल और अधबनी वस्तुओं से / By raw materials and unfinished objects. Raw materials, unfinished objects and waste indicate a workshop. Remember production debris as evidence.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कच्चा माल, अधबनी वस्तुएँ और कचरा कार्यशाला के प्रमाण होते हैं। परीक्षा में उत्पादन अवशेष याद रखें।
Balakot provides evidence of shell object production. Remember the link between coastal sites and shell craft.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. शंख उद्योग / Shell industry. Balakot provides evidence of shell object production. Remember the link between coastal sites and shell craft.
Step 3
Exam Tip
बालाकोट में शंख से बनी वस्तुओं के उत्पादन के प्रमाण मिले हैं। परीक्षा में तटीय स्थलों और शंख शिल्प का संबंध याद रखें।
A spindle whorl was used to twist fibres into thread. Treat it as evidence of textile craft.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. धागा कातने में / Spinning thread. A spindle whorl was used to twist fibres into thread. Treat it as evidence of textile craft.
Step 3
Exam Tip
तकली से रेशों को घुमाकर धागा बनाया जाता था। परीक्षा में इसे वस्त्र शिल्प का प्रमाण मानें।
D. पत्थर को काटकर आकार देता था/Cut and shaped the stone
Step 1
Concept
To make a seal, steatite was cut and shaped first. Remember shaping as an early stage.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. पत्थर को काटकर आकार देता था / Cut and shaped the stone. To make a seal, steatite was cut and shaped first. Remember shaping as an early stage.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मुहर बनाने के लिए सेलखड़ी को काटकर उचित आकार दिया जाता था। परीक्षा में आकार देना प्रारंभिक चरण मानें।
Animal figures and short inscriptions were carved on seals. Remember these two main features.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पशु आकृतियाँ और लिपि / Animal figures and script. Animal figures and short inscriptions were carved on seals. Remember these two main features.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मुहरों पर पशु आकृतियाँ और छोटे लेख उकेरे जाते थे। परीक्षा में मुहरों की दो मुख्य विशेषताएँ याद रखें।
Craft objects found in distant regions show trade contacts. Understand the link between crafts and trade.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. व्यापार और विनिमय / Trade and exchange. Craft objects found in distant regions show trade contacts. Understand the link between crafts and trade.
Step 3
Exam Tip
दूरस्थ क्षेत्रों में शिल्प वस्तुओं की प्राप्ति व्यापारिक संपर्क दिखाती है। परीक्षा में शिल्प और व्यापार का संबंध समझें।
C. इसीसे वस्तुएँ बनाई जाती थीं/Objects were made from it
Step 1
Concept
Craft goods were made from raw materials such as stone, metal, clay and shell. Remember examples of raw materials.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. इसीसे वस्तुएँ बनाई जाती थीं / Objects were made from it. Craft goods were made from raw materials such as stone, metal, clay and shell. Remember examples of raw materials.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शिल्प वस्तुएँ पत्थर, धातु, मिट्टी और शंख जैसे कच्चे माल से बनती थीं। परीक्षा में कच्चे माल के उदाहरण याद रखें।
Gujarat was an important source of semi-precious stones such as carnelian. Link Gujarat with bead materials.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. गुजरात / Gujarat. Gujarat was an important source of semi-precious stones such as carnelian. Link Gujarat with bead materials.
Step 3
Exam Tip
गुजरात कार्नेलियन जैसे अर्धमूल्यवान पत्थरों का प्रमुख स्रोत था। परीक्षा में गुजरात को मनका सामग्री से जोड़ें।
Lapis lazuli was brought from the Badakhshan region of Afghanistan. Associate Badakhshan with lapis lazuli.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. अफगानिस्तान / Afghanistan. Lapis lazuli was brought from the Badakhshan region of Afghanistan. Associate Badakhshan with lapis lazuli.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लाजवर्द अफगानिस्तान के बदख्शां क्षेत्र से लाया जाता था। परीक्षा में बदख्शां को लाजवर्द से जोड़ें।
B. वहाँ शंख आसानी से मिलते थे/Shells were easily available there
Step 1
Concept
Shells were easily available as raw material near the coast. Remember the link between location and resources.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. वहाँ शंख आसानी से मिलते थे / Shells were easily available there. Shells were easily available as raw material near the coast. Remember the link between location and resources.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समुद्र तट पर शंख कच्चे माल के रूप में आसानी से उपलब्ध थे। परीक्षा में स्थान और संसाधन का संबंध याद रखें।
Terracotta figures and toys were made by shaping and firing clay. Link clay toys with terracotta.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मृण्मूर्ति शिल्प / Terracotta craft. Terracotta figures and toys were made by shaping and firing clay. Link clay toys with terracotta.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मिट्टी को आकार देकर पकाने से मृण्मूर्तियाँ और खिलौने बनते थे। परीक्षा में मिट्टी के खिलौनों को टेराकोटा से जोड़ें।
D. एक जैसे आकार की वस्तुएँ बनाने के लिए/Making objects of similar shape
Step 1
Concept
Moulds helped produce several objects of similar shape. Link moulds with standardisation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. एक जैसे आकार की वस्तुएँ बनाने के लिए / Making objects of similar shape. Moulds helped produce several objects of similar shape. Link moulds with standardisation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
साँचे से समान आकार की कई वस्तुएँ बनाई जा सकती थीं। परीक्षा में साँचे को मानकीकरण से जोड़ें।
A. जटिल और सुंदर वस्तुओं का निर्माण/Production of complex and fine objects
Step 1
Concept
Fine beads, seals and metal figures show skilled specialisation. Treat high quality as evidence of expertise.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जटिल और सुंदर वस्तुओं का निर्माण / Production of complex and fine objects. Fine beads, seals and metal figures show skilled specialisation. Treat high quality as evidence of expertise.
Step 3
Exam Tip
बारीक मनके, मुहरें और धातु मूर्तियाँ कुशल विशेषज्ञता दिखाती हैं। परीक्षा में गुणवत्ता को विशेषज्ञता का संकेत मानें।
B. वहाँ मनका निर्माण होता था/Beads were produced there
Step 1
Concept
Unfinished beads provide evidence of local production and a workshop. Link unfinished objects with production sites.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. वहाँ मनका निर्माण होता था / Beads were produced there. Unfinished beads provide evidence of local production and a workshop. Link unfinished objects with production sites.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अधबने मनके स्थानीय उत्पादन और कार्यशाला का प्रमाण हैं। परीक्षा में अधबनी वस्तु को उत्पादन स्थल से जोड़ें।
Suitable stone or another raw material was selected first for bead making. Remember raw material selection as the first stage.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. उपयुक्त कच्चा पत्थर / Suitable raw stone. Suitable stone or another raw material was selected first for bead making. Remember raw material selection as the first stage.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मनका बनाने के लिए पहले उचित पत्थर या अन्य कच्चा माल चुना जाता था। परीक्षा में कच्चा माल पहला चरण मानें।
D. उनमें लंबा और सीधा छेद करना पड़ता था/A long straight hole had to be drilled
Step 1
Concept
Drilling a straight hole through a long bead required special skill. Remember drilling as a technical challenge.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. उनमें लंबा और सीधा छेद करना पड़ता था / A long straight hole had to be drilled. Drilling a straight hole through a long bead required special skill. Remember drilling as a technical challenge.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लंबे मनकों में सीधा छेद करना विशेष कौशल माँगता था। परीक्षा में छेदन को तकनीकी कठिनाई के रूप में याद रखें।
Harappan bangles were made of shell, faience, clay and metal. Remember that several materials were used.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शंख, फैयेंस और धातु / Shell, faience and metal. Harappan bangles were made of shell, faience, clay and metal. Remember that several materials were used.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पाई चूड़ियाँ शंख, फैयेंस, मिट्टी और धातु से बनती थीं। परीक्षा में एक से अधिक सामग्री याद रखें।
Furnaces and slag provide evidence of metalworking. Understand slag as a production residue.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. धातु की भट्ठियाँ और धातुमल / Furnaces and slag. Furnaces and slag provide evidence of metalworking. Understand slag as a production residue.
Step 3
Exam Tip
भट्ठियाँ और धातुमल धातु गलाने तथा निर्माण का प्रमाण देते हैं। परीक्षा में धातुमल का अर्थ उत्पादन अवशेष समझें।
Seals may have been used to identify goods or consignments. Link seals with trade in the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. माल की पहचान करना / Identifying goods. Seals may have been used to identify goods or consignments. Link seals with trade in the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मुहरें वस्तुओं या व्यापारिक माल की पहचान में उपयोग हो सकती थीं। परीक्षा में मुहरों को व्यापार से जोड़ें।
A. मनके, मुहरें, बर्तन और धातु वस्तुएँ/Beads, seals, pottery and metal objects
Step 1
Concept
Different types of manufactured objects show the diversity of craft production. Remember at least four examples.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मनके, मुहरें, बर्तन और धातु वस्तुएँ / Beads, seals, pottery and metal objects. Different types of manufactured objects show the diversity of craft production. Remember at least four examples.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विभिन्न प्रकार की निर्मित वस्तुएँ शिल्प उत्पादन की विविधता दिखाती हैं। परीक्षा में कम से कम चार शिल्प उदाहरण याद रखें।
B. समाज में कुशल शिल्पकार और संगठित उत्पादन था/Society had skilled craftspersons and organised production
Step 1
Concept
Developed crafts indicate skilled workers and an organised economy. Link crafts with urban life in the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. समाज में कुशल शिल्पकार और संगठित उत्पादन था / Society had skilled craftspersons and organised production. Developed crafts indicate skilled workers and an organised economy. Link crafts with urban life in the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकसित शिल्प वस्तुएँ कुशल कारीगरों और संगठित अर्थव्यवस्था का संकेत देती हैं। परीक्षा में शिल्प को नगरीय जीवन से जोड़ें।
Heating made steatite harder and more durable. Link this process with seal making for the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उसे अधिक कठोर बनाने के लिए / To make it harder. Heating made steatite harder and more durable. Link this process with seal making for the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सेलखड़ी को गर्म करने से वह अधिक कठोर और टिकाऊ हो जाती थी। परीक्षा में इस प्रक्रिया को मुहर निर्माण से जोड़ें।
A specialist craftsperson was trained and skilled in making a particular type of object. Link specialisation with the urban economy.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. विशेषज्ञ शिल्पकार / Specialist craftsperson. A specialist craftsperson was trained and skilled in making a particular type of object. Link specialisation with the urban economy.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विशेषज्ञ शिल्पकार किसी विशेष वस्तु के निर्माण में प्रशिक्षित और कुशल होता था। परीक्षा में विशेषज्ञता को नगरीय अर्थव्यवस्था से जोड़ें।
