The civilisation was named after Harappa because it was the first major site identified. Remember that Harappan civilisation is also called the Indus Valley civilisation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. हड़प्पा / Harappa. The civilisation was named after Harappa because it was the first major site identified. Remember that Harappan civilisation is also called the Indus Valley civilisation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
इस सभ्यता का नाम हड़प्पा स्थल के नाम पर रखा गया क्योंकि इसकी खोज सबसे पहले प्रमुख रूप से वहीं हुई। परीक्षा में हड़प्पा और सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता दोनों नाम याद रखें।
John Marshall formally announced the discovery of the Harappan civilisation in 1924. Remember the year 1924 for examinations.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. जॉन मार्शल / John Marshall. John Marshall formally announced the discovery of the Harappan civilisation in 1924. Remember the year 1924 for examinations.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जॉन मार्शल ने 1924 में हड़प्पा सभ्यता की खोज की औपचारिक घोषणा की थी। परीक्षा में वर्ष 1924 भी याद रखें।
A. एक-दूसरे को समकोण पर काटती हुई/Intersecting at right angles
Step 1
Concept
Harappan streets often intersected one another at right angles. This created a grid pattern of urban planning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक-दूसरे को समकोण पर काटती हुई / Intersecting at right angles. Harappan streets often intersected one another at right angles. This created a grid pattern of urban planning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा नगरों की सड़कें अक्सर एक-दूसरे को समकोण पर काटती थीं। इससे ग्रिड पद्धति का नगर नियोजन बनता था।
Bitumen was used as a waterproof layer in the walls and floor of the Great Bath. Associate bitumen with Mohenjodaro.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. बिटुमेन / Bitumen. Bitumen was used as a waterproof layer in the walls and floor of the Great Bath. Associate bitumen with Mohenjodaro.
Step 3
Exam Tip
महान स्नानागार की दीवारों और फर्श में बिटुमेन का उपयोग जलरोधक परत के रूप में हुआ था। परीक्षा में बिटुमेन को मोहनजोदड़ो से जोड़ें।
Standardised baked bricks were widely used in Harappan cities. Their uniformity suggests organised planning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पकी हुई ईंटें / Baked bricks. Standardised baked bricks were widely used in Harappan cities. Their uniformity suggests organised planning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा नगरों में मानकीकृत पकी हुई ईंटों का व्यापक प्रयोग हुआ था। ईंटों की समानता केंद्रीकृत योजना का संकेत देती है।
Crossing furrow marks of a ploughed field were found at Kalibangan. They provide important evidence of farming practices.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. कालीबंगन / Kalibangan. Crossing furrow marks of a ploughed field were found at Kalibangan. They provide important evidence of farming practices.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कालीबंगन से खेत में एक-दूसरे को काटती हुई हल रेखाओं के निशान मिले हैं। यह कृषि पद्धति का महत्वपूर्ण प्रमाण है।
The Harappan civilisation provides early evidence of cotton production and use. Greek writers referred to Indian cotton as sindon.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. हड़प्पा सभ्यता / Harappan civilisation. The Harappan civilisation provides early evidence of cotton production and use. Greek writers referred to Indian cotton as sindon.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा सभ्यता से कपास के आरंभिक उत्पादन और उपयोग के प्रमाण मिले हैं। यूनानी लोग भारतीय कपास को सिंडन कहते थे।
Animal bones reveal which animals were reared and used as food. Treat bones as evidence for diet and animal husbandry.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. भोजन और पशुपालन / Food and animal husbandry. Animal bones reveal which animals were reared and used as food. Treat bones as evidence for diet and animal husbandry.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पशु अस्थियों से पता चलता है कि लोग किन पशुओं को पालते और भोजन में उपयोग करते थे। परीक्षा में अस्थियों को आहार और पशुपालन का स्रोत मानें।
B. माल और स्वामित्व की पहचान में/Identifying goods and ownership
Step 1
Concept
Seals were probably used to stamp packages and identify merchants or owners. Associate them with trade.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. माल और स्वामित्व की पहचान में / Identifying goods and ownership. Seals were probably used to stamp packages and identify merchants or owners. Associate them with trade.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मुहरों का उपयोग वस्तुओं के पैकेट पर छाप लगाने और व्यापारी या स्वामी की पहचान के लिए किया जाता होगा। परीक्षा में इन्हें व्यापार से जोड़ें।
Most Harappan inscriptions are short and contain only a few signs. This has made decipherment difficult.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. बहुत छोटे / Very short. Most Harappan inscriptions are short and contain only a few signs. This has made decipherment difficult.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अधिकांश हड़प्पाई अभिलेख छोटे हैं और उनमें थोड़े ही चिह्न होते हैं। इसी कारण लिपि को पढ़ना कठिन रहा है।
A. मकानों और कब्रों में अंतर/Differences in houses and burials
Step 1
Concept
Differences in house sizes and grave goods suggest social variation. Archaeologists study the distribution of objects for such conclusions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मकानों और कब्रों में अंतर / Differences in houses and burials. Differences in house sizes and grave goods suggest social variation. Archaeologists study the distribution of objects for such conclusions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मकानों के आकार और कब्रों में रखी वस्तुओं के अंतर से सामाजिक भिन्नता का अनुमान लगाया जाता है। पुरातत्वविद् वस्तुओं के वितरण का अध्ययन करते हैं।
B. सीधी अवस्था में लिटाकर/Laid in an extended position
Step 1
Concept
In many Harappan graves bodies were laid in an extended position. Some graves also contained pottery and ornaments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सीधी अवस्था में लिटाकर / Laid in an extended position. In many Harappan graves bodies were laid in an extended position. Some graves also contained pottery and ornaments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कई हड़प्पा कब्रों में शवों को सीधी अवस्था में लिटाया गया था। कुछ कब्रों में मिट्टी के बर्तन और आभूषण भी मिले हैं।
A. ऐसे स्पष्ट प्रमाण नहीं मिले हैं/No such clear evidence has been found
Step 1
Concept
Harappan sites have not yielded huge temples or definite palaces like those of Egypt. This makes religious and political institutions difficult to identify.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ऐसे स्पष्ट प्रमाण नहीं मिले हैं / No such clear evidence has been found. Harappan sites have not yielded huge temples or definite palaces like those of Egypt. This makes religious and political institutions difficult to identify.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा स्थलों से मिस्र जैसे विशाल मंदिर या निश्चित राजमहल नहीं मिले हैं। इसलिए धार्मिक और राजनीतिक संस्थाओं की पहचान कठिन है।
B. विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अलग-अलग कारण हो सकते थे/Different regions may have had different causes
Step 1
Concept
Archaeologists consider several factors such as climate change floods river shifts and pressure on resources. It is unsafe to accept one cause as final.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अलग-अलग कारण हो सकते थे / Different regions may have had different causes. Archaeologists consider several factors such as climate change floods river shifts and pressure on resources. It is unsafe to accept one cause as final.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पुरातत्वविद् जलवायु परिवर्तन बाढ़ नदी मार्ग परिवर्तन और संसाधनों के दबाव जैसे अनेक कारणों पर विचार करते हैं। एक ही कारण को निश्चित मानना उचित नहीं है।
D. अनाज के अवशेष और पशु अस्थियां/Grain remains and animal bones
Step 1
Concept
Charred grains seeds and animal bones are direct archaeological evidence of ancient diet. Remember the importance of biological remains.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. अनाज के अवशेष और पशु अस्थियां / Grain remains and animal bones. Charred grains seeds and animal bones are direct archaeological evidence of ancient diet. Remember the importance of biological remains.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जले हुए अनाज बीज और पशु अस्थियां प्राचीन आहार के प्रत्यक्ष पुरातात्विक प्रमाण हैं। परीक्षा में जैविक अवशेषों का महत्व याद रखें।
Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of organic remains such as wood seeds and bones. It helps establish archaeological chronology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. रेडियोकार्बन तिथि निर्धारण / Radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of organic remains such as wood seeds and bones. It helps establish archaeological chronology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
रेडियोकार्बन विधि से लकड़ी बीज और हड्डियों जैसे जैविक अवशेषों की आयु का अनुमान लगाया जाता है। इससे पुरास्थलों का कालक्रम बनाया जाता है।
B. भौतिक अवशेष और पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य/Material remains and archaeological evidence
Step 1
Concept
Because the Harappan script is undeciphered bricks seals bones tools and settlements are major sources. The context of objects is especially important in archaeology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. भौतिक अवशेष और पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य / Material remains and archaeological evidence. Because the Harappan script is undeciphered bricks seals bones tools and settlements are major sources. The context of objects is especially important in archaeology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
हड़प्पा लिपि अपठित होने के कारण ईंटें मुहरें अस्थियां औजार और बस्तियां प्रमुख स्रोत हैं। पुरातत्व में वस्तुओं के संदर्भ का विशेष महत्व होता है।
