Prevention of chronic diseases

Correct answer: C. Cereal, pulse, vegetable and curd

Explanation: A balanced plate combines foods from several groups. Cereals provide energy, pulses contribute protein and fibre, vegetables supply vitamins, minerals and protective compounds, and curd provides protein and calcium. This combination is more varied and nutritious than a plate containing only fried, sugary, or packaged foods.

Correct answer: D. Energy intake may increase

Explanation: Sweet desserts commonly contain substantial added sugar and calories but little fibre or micronutrient value. Eating them every day can raise total energy intake and, if not balanced by energy expenditure, contribute to weight gain and poorer blood-glucose control. Therefore, increased energy intake is the direct answer.

Correct answer: A. It retains more natural dietary fibre

Explanation: Whole fruit retains its cellular structure and most of its natural dietary fibre, whereas juicing removes or reduces much of that fibre. Fibre slows eating, increases fullness, and can moderate the rise in blood glucose. Juice is also easier to consume quickly, so whole fruit is generally the better everyday choice.

Correct answer: B. Hunger and energy control

Explanation: Regular meal timing creates a predictable eating pattern and may help a person recognise normal hunger and fullness cues. It can reduce erratic snacking and support better control of daily energy intake. Timing alone is not sufficient, however; food quality, portion size, sleep, and physical activity also influence health.

Correct answer: C. Walking at regular intervals

Explanation: Walking for a few minutes at regular intervals interrupts prolonged sitting and adds light physical activity to the day. Repeated movement breaks can improve circulation and help reduce sedentary time, especially during study or desk work. Skipping meals and consuming sugary drinks do not solve inactivity and may create other health problems.

Correct answer: D. Maintaining fluid balance

Explanation: Water supports fluid balance, temperature regulation, circulation, digestion, nutrient transport, and waste removal. Adequate needs vary with age, climate, activity, and health status, but plain water is generally preferable to sugar-sweetened drinks. It does not increase fat or salt and cannot make food fried.

Correct answer: A. Physical activity

Explanation: Walking requires skeletal muscles to contract and uses energy, so it is physical activity. Regular walking can improve fitness, support energy balance, and help lower the risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Sedentary behaviour means very little movement, so it is the opposite of walking.

Correct answer: B. It can form unhealthy compounds

Explanation: Repeated heating of cooking oil can accelerate oxidation and produce undesirable degradation products, especially when the oil is overheated, exposed to air, or reused many times. Such compounds may reduce cooking quality and are not a healthy reason to reuse oil repeatedly. Fresh oil used in a controlled quantity is generally safer.

Correct answer: C. Balance between energy intake and energy expenditure

Explanation: Healthy weight is supported when energy obtained from food is broadly balanced with energy used by the body for metabolism, daily movement, and exercise. A sustained surplus can cause weight gain, while extreme restriction is unhealthy and difficult to maintain. Balanced food choices and regular activity are therefore important.

Correct answer: D. Salt (sodium) control

Explanation: Pickles and packaged salty snacks often contain considerable sodium. Reducing them lowers total salt intake and can support blood-pressure control, particularly when combined with a generally balanced diet. Some packaged snacks may also contain fat, but sodium reduction is the common and most direct concern in both foods.

Correct answer: A. They provide protein and fibre

Explanation: Pulses such as lentils, beans, and chickpeas provide plant protein, dietary fibre, complex carbohydrates, and several minerals. Their fibre can support fullness, bowel health, and better dietary quality, while protein helps growth and tissue maintenance. They are nutritious when prepared with sensible amounts of oil and salt.

Correct answer: B. It is a nutritious and fibre-rich option

Explanation: Sprouted pulses can provide plant protein, dietary fibre, vitamins, minerals, and useful complex carbohydrates. As a snack, they may be more filling and nutrient-dense than many fried or highly salted packaged foods. Preparation and hygiene still matter, and raw sprouts should be handled safely to reduce contamination risk.

Correct answer: C. To obtain different nutrients

Explanation: Different coloured vegetables contain different combinations of vitamins, minerals, fibre, and protective phytochemicals. Eating a variety improves the chance of receiving a broad range of nutrients and adds volume without excessive energy. Colour alone is not a guarantee of health, but colour variety is a useful practical guide to dietary diversity.

Correct answer: B. Early identification of risk factors

Explanation: Regular checkups can identify risk factors such as raised blood pressure, abnormal blood glucose, unhealthy cholesterol levels, or early symptoms before serious complications develop. Early detection allows timely counselling, lifestyle changes, monitoring, and treatment when needed. Screening does not guarantee prevention, but it improves the chance of managing risk early.

Correct answer: C. Fat, salt, and energy intake may increase

Explanation: Many fast foods are high in energy, saturated fat, sodium, and refined carbohydrates, while being relatively low in fibre and protective nutrients. Frequent large portions can therefore contribute to excess calorie intake, weight gain, high blood pressure, and poorer metabolic health. The exact composition varies, but option C states the common risk most accurately.

Correct answer: D. Take less sugar or no sugar

Explanation: Reducing or removing added sugar from tea lowers the amount of free sugar consumed from beverages. Repeating a small reduction in every cup can make a meaningful difference over time, especially for people who drink tea several times daily. This change should be part of an overall balanced diet rather than replaced by fried or highly processed foods.

Correct answer: A. It may disrupt regular meal patterns and increase the likelihood of overeating later

Explanation: Skipping breakfast does not affect everyone in exactly the same way, but it may leave some people excessively hungry and more likely to overeat later or choose energy-dense snacks. That can disturb regular eating and energy control. A balanced meal pattern, suitable portions, and regular activity are more reliable prevention principles.

Correct answer: A. Ingredients and oil can be controlled

Explanation: Preparing food at home usually gives greater control over the type and amount of oil, salt, sugar, ingredients, cooking method, and portion size. A balanced home meal can therefore include vegetables, pulses, whole grains, and suitable protein with less unnecessary frying. Home food is not automatically healthy, but control makes healthier choices easier.

Correct answer: A. Activity, sleep, and stress control

Explanation: A healthy lifestyle combines nutritious eating with regular physical activity, adequate restorative sleep, and effective stress management. These behaviours influence body weight, blood pressure, glucose regulation, mood, and long-term disease risk. Diet is important, but it cannot fully compensate for inactivity, chronic sleep loss, or unmanaged stress.

Correct answer: A. Prevention reduces disease risk, while treatment occurs after disease

Explanation: Prevention consists of actions taken before disease develops, or before it worsens, to reduce risk and maintain health; examples include vaccination, healthy eating, physical activity, screening, and avoiding tobacco. Treatment is care given after a disease or condition is present to control it, relieve symptoms, or restore health.

Correct answer: B. Portion control and regular activity

Explanation: Portion control helps reduce excessive energy intake without requiring a person to skip every meal, while regular physical activity increases energy expenditure and supports fitness. Together they improve energy balance. Sustainable weight management also requires nutritious food choices, adequate sleep, and attention to medical or personal factors when relevant.

Correct answer: C. Plain water

Explanation: Plain water supports hydration without adding sugar, excess calories, or stimulants. Replacing soft drinks, sweetened packaged beverages, and heavily sweetened tea with water can help reduce excessive energy intake and support healthy body weight, blood-glucose control, and long-term prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases.

Correct answer: D. Balanced diet, active life and regular checkups

Explanation: Chronic-disease prevention is strongest when several protective behaviours are combined. A balanced diet supplies essential nutrients, regular physical activity supports weight and heart health, and checkups can identify risks early. Medicine may be necessary for some people, but it cannot replace healthy daily habits or medical advice.

Correct answer: A. They help reduce disease risk over time

Explanation: Small actions such as choosing water, eating vegetables, limiting salt and sugar, walking regularly, and sleeping adequately become powerful when practised consistently. Their cumulative effect can improve weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, and heart health. They reduce risk but do not eliminate the need for screening or professional care.

Correct answer: A. Eating balanced food

Explanation: Eating a balanced diet is a basic daily habit that supports chronic disease prevention. A balanced diet includes suitable amounts of cereals or whole grains, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk or alternatives, and healthy fats. It supplies nutrients while limiting excess sugar, salt, and unhealthy fat. The other choices can worsen nutritional and metabolic health.